Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Anti-Tyrosinase, Cytotoxicity, and Anti-Melanogenesis Activities of Etlingera elatior (Jack) Leaf Essential Oils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Essential Oil Extractions
2.2.1. Plant Preparation
2.2.2. Conventional Hydrodistillation
2.2.3. Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation
2.3. Volatile Compound Analysis of Essential Oil by GC-MS
2.4. Antioxidant Activities
2.4.1. DPPH Radical Scavenging
2.4.2. Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power
2.5. Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity
2.6. Cytotoxicity
2.6.1. Cell Culture
2.6.2. Cytotoxicity
2.7. Measurement of Melanin Content
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Extraction Yield of E. elatior Leaf Essential Oil
3.2. Volatile Constituents of E. elatior Leaf Essential Oil
3.3. Antioxidant Activities of E. elatior Leaf Essential Oils
3.4. Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity
3.5. Cytotoxicity
3.6. Melanin Content
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Compounds | CAS No. | HD | MAHD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aldehyde | Decanal | 112-31-2 | 0.556 | 0.705 |
Undecanal | 112-44-7 | 0.203 | - | |
Dodecanal | 112-54-9 | 10.024 | 12.422 | |
Alkene | 9-Octadecyne | 35365-59-4 | - | 0.725 |
Carboxylic ester | 9-Tetradecen-1-ol, acetate, (E)- | 23192-82-7 | 0.249 | 0.919 |
1-Tetradecyl acetate | 638-59-5 | 0.334 | 0.669 | |
Lauryl acetate | 112-66-3 | 2.245 | 6.599 | |
Dialkyl ketone | 2-Undecanone | 112-12-9 | 0.274 | - |
Fatty acids | Dodecanoic acid | 143-07-7 | 0.542 | - |
Hexadecanoic acid | 57-10-3 | 0.334 | 1.136 | |
Fatty aldehyde | cis,cis-7,10,-Hexadecadienal | 56829-23-3 | 0.351 | - |
7-Tetradecenal, (Z)- | 65128-96-3 | - | 1.084 | |
Pentadecanal- | 2765-11-9 | 0.264 | - | |
Fatty alcohols | 1-Decanol | 112-30-1 | 0.425 | 0.802 |
1-Dodecanol | 112-53-8 | 13.484 | 30.335 | |
11-Hexadecen-1-ol, (Z)- | 56683-54-6 | - | 1.094 | |
cis-9-Tetradecen-1-ol | 35153-15-2 | 1.989 | 6.522 | |
1-Tetradecanol | 112-72-1 | 1.224 | 5.711 | |
Monoterpenes | α-Pinene | 80-56-8 | 3.055 | 0.443 |
(±)-β-Pinene | 127-91-3 | 7.354 | 0.707 | |
β-Myrcene | 123-35-3 | 1.524 | - | |
(+)-m-Mentha-1(6),8-diene | 1461-27-4 | 0.291 | - | |
Eucalyptol | 470-82-6 | 0.312 | - | |
trans-β-Ocimene | 3779-61-1 | 0.154 | - | |
Pinocamphone | 547-60-4 | 0.162 | - | |
3-Pinanone | 15358-88-0 | 1.985 | 0.358 | |
Terpinen-4-ol | 562-74-3 | 0.152 | - | |
α-Terpineol | 98-55-5 | 0.692 | - | |
Methyl myrtenate | 30649-97-9 | 2.674 | 0.711 | |
(+)-3-Carene, 10-(acetylmethyl)- | 163886-28-0 | 1.064 | 0.438 | |
Sesquiterpenes | β-Elemene, (−)- | 515-13-9 | 0.245 | - |
Caryophyllene | 87-44-5 | 12.575 | 7.857 | |
Humulene | 6753-98-6 | 15.207 | 9.852 | |
(E)-β-Farnesene | 18794-84-8 | - | 5.747 | |
cis-β-farnesene | 28973-97-9 | 10.546 | - | |
β-Chamigrene | 18431-82-8 | 0.298 | - | |
α-Bergamotene | 17699-05-7 | 0.685 | - | |
6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-ol | 58319-05-4 | - | 0.726 | |
Isodaucene | 142878-08-8 | 0.862 | 0.531 | |
Germacrene B | 28387-44-2 | 0.157 | - | |
α-Nerolidol | 40716-66-3 | 1.352 | 1.185 | |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1139-30-6 | 2.823 | 1.515 | |
Ledol | 577-27-5 | 0.881 | - | |
humulol | 28446-26-6 | 0.225 | - | |
Humulene epoxide II | 19888-34-7 | 1.559 | - | |
Humulenol-II | 19888-00-7 | 0.611 | ||
Caryophylla-3(4),8-dien-5-ol | 19431-79-9 | 0.473 | 0.34 | |
Total | Aldehyde | 10.783 | 13.127 | |
Alkene | 0 | 0.725 | ||
Carboxylic ester | 2.828 | 8.187 | ||
Dialkyl ketone | 0.274 | 0 | ||
Fatty Acids | 0.876 | 1.136 | ||
Fatty aldehyde | 0.615 | 1.084 | ||
Fatty alcohol | 17.122 | 44.464 | ||
Monoterpenes | 19.419 | 2.657 | ||
Sesquiterpenes | 48.499 | 27.753 |
HD | MAHD | |
---|---|---|
DPPH (IC50, mg/mL) | 16.25 ± 0.09 a | 39.29 ± 0.27 b |
FRAP (mg TEAC/g) | 0.91 ± 0.01 a | 0.43 ± 0.00 b |
Tyrosinase inhibition (IC50, mg/mL) | 2.34 ± 0.04 a | 2.97 ± 0.03 b |
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Sangthong, S.; Promputtha, I.; Pintathong, P.; Chaiwut, P. Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Anti-Tyrosinase, Cytotoxicity, and Anti-Melanogenesis Activities of Etlingera elatior (Jack) Leaf Essential Oils. Molecules 2022, 27, 3469. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113469
Sangthong S, Promputtha I, Pintathong P, Chaiwut P. Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Anti-Tyrosinase, Cytotoxicity, and Anti-Melanogenesis Activities of Etlingera elatior (Jack) Leaf Essential Oils. Molecules. 2022; 27(11):3469. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113469
Chicago/Turabian StyleSangthong, Sarita, Itthayakorn Promputtha, Punyawatt Pintathong, and Phanuphong Chaiwut. 2022. "Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Anti-Tyrosinase, Cytotoxicity, and Anti-Melanogenesis Activities of Etlingera elatior (Jack) Leaf Essential Oils" Molecules 27, no. 11: 3469. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113469