Changes in Volatile Compounds in Short-Term High CO2-Treated ‘Seolhyang’ Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) Fruit during Cold Storage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Identification of Volatile Compounds in Strawberries
2.2. Changes in the Composition of Volatile Compounds in Strawberries
2.3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Heatmap of Volatiles
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals and Reagents
3.2. Strawberry Samples
3.3. Determination of Strawberry Volatiles using HS-SPME-GC/MS
3.4. Identification and Relative Quantification of Volatiles in Strawberries
3.5. Statistical Analyses
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Peak no. | Volatile Compound | Odor Description a | DB-WAX Column | DB-5MS Column | Extracted Ion (m/z)c | Internal Standard | Compound Newly Produced During Storage | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unknown RI | Literature RIb | Unknown RI | Literature RIb | ||||||
Aldehydes | |||||||||
1 | Acetaldehyde | Pungent | 660 | 677 | 32 | Octanal-d16 | |||
9 | Hexanal * | Fresh, green | 1073 | 1077 | 801 | 802 | 56 | Octanal- d16 | |
12 | 2-Hexenal * | Fruity, green | 1204 | 1205 | 856 | 854 | 41 | Octanal- d16 | |
18 | Nonanal * | Citrus | 1378 | 1375 | 57 | Octanal- d16 | |||
22 | Benzaldehyde * | Fruity, nutty | 1496 | 1495 | 967 | 961 | 106 | Octanal- d16 | |
Esters | |||||||||
2 | Methyl acetate * | Fruity | 811 | 813 | 42 | Ethyl butanoate-d3 | |||
3 | Ethyl acetate | Fruity, sweet | 866 | 867 | 43 | Ethyl butanoate-d3 | |||
6 | Methyl butanoate | Fruity, apple | 976 | 971 | 653 | 697 | 74 | Ethyl butanoate-d3 | |
7 | Ethyl butanoate | Apple | 1032 | 1037 | 71 | Ethyl butanoate-d3 | |||
8 | Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate | Sweet, fruity | 1062 | 1064 | 841 | 856 | 88 | Ethyl butanoate-d3 | |
11 | Methyl hexanoate* | Fruity, pineapple | 1181 | 1183 | 925 | 910 | 74 | Ethyl butanoate-d3 | |
13 | Butyl butanoate | Sweet, fruity, fresh | 1207 | 1208 | 71 | Ethyl butanoate-d3 | |||
14 | Ethyl hexanoate * | Fruity, sweet, pineapple | 1227 | 1220 | 997 | 999 | 88 | Ethyl butanoate-d3 | |
15 | Hexyl acetate | Green, fruity, apple | 1263 | 1261 | 1011 | 1011 | 43 | Ethyl butanoate-d3 | |
16 | (2E)-Hexenyl acetate | Sweet, leafy, green | 1321 | 1322 | 1014 | 1025 | 43 | Ethyl butanoate-d3 | New |
17 | Methyl octanoate | Green, sweet, orange | 1377 | 1378 | 1122 | 1120 | 74 | Ethyl butanoate-d3 | |
19 | Hexyl butanoate | Green, sweet, fruity | 1401 | 1407 | 1187 | 1191 | 43 | Ethyl butanoate-d3 | |
20 | Ethyl octanoate * | Sweet, pineapple | 1421 | 1420 | 88 | Ethyl butanoate-d3 | New | ||
21 | (2E)-Hexenyl butanoate | Ripe, fruity | 1461 | 1461 | 71 | Ethyl butanoate-d3 | |||
26 | 2-Methylbutanoate | Acidic, fruity | 1647 | 1641 | 849 | 854 | 74 | Ethyl butanoate-d3 | |
27 | Benzyl acetate | Sweet, fruit, floral | 1708 | 1710 | 1161 | 1170 | 108 | Ethyl butanoate-d3 | |
28 | Methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate | Sweet, aromatic | 1761 | 1762 | 1192 | 1193 | 120 | Ethyl butanoate-d3 | |
Ketones | |||||||||
4 | 2-Butanone | Ethereal | 878 | 889 | 43 | Octanal-d16 | |||
5 | 2,3-Butanedione | Pungent | 965 | 965 | 43 | Octanal-d16 | |||
10 | 2-Heptanone * | Fruity, green | 1172 | 1178 | 890 | 889 | 43 | Octanal-d16 | |
Alcohols | |||||||||
23 | 3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol | Citrus, orange, floral | 1534 | 1534 | 1100 | 1101 | 71 | Hexyl-d13 alcohol | |
30 | (6Z)-3,7,11-Trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol | Mild floral | 2033 | 2033 | 1559 | 1566 | 69 | Hexyl-d13 alcohol | |
Acids | |||||||||
25 | Butyric acid * | Sharp, dairy-like, cheesy | 1604 | 1607 | 60 | Hexyl-d13 alcohol | |||
29 | Hexanoic acid * | Sour, rancid, sweat | 1832 | 1834 | 985 | 990 | 60 | Hexyl-d13 alcohol | |
Furanones | |||||||||
24 | 4-Methoxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone | Sweet, caramel | 1571 | 1580 | 1059 | 1057 | 142 | Octanal-d16 |
Volatile Compound | H0h | H6h | H1D | H2D | H3D | H6D | H9D | HT6h | HT1D | HT2D | HT3D | HT6D | HT9D | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aldehydes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acetaldehyde | 899 ± 31 bc | 923 ± 25 bc | 874 ± 46 cd | 821 ± 62 d | 898 ± 14 bc | 941 ± 2 ab | 986 ± 14 a | 464 ± 12 ef | 413 ± 8 fg | 410 ± 5 fg | 403 ± 7 g | 393 ± 10 g | 505 ± 2 e | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hexanal | 217 ± 20 a | 211 ± 17 a | 196 ± 8 ab | 113 ± 9 de | 91 ± 7 e | 66 ± 3 f | 56 ± 2 fg | 218 ± 14 a | 182 ± 13 b | 156 ± 4 c | 131 ± 11 cd | 64 ± 7 fg | 41 ± 0 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2-Hexenal | 975 ± 73 a | 985 ± 43 a | 854 ± 1 b | 625 ± 33 d | 676 ± 67 cd | 511 ± 6 e | 413 ± 6 fg | 715 ± 74 cd | 725 ± 49 c | 659 ± 8 cd | 666 ± 12 cd | 444 ± 28 ef | 333 ± 8 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nonanal | 4 ± 0 e | 4 ± 0 e | 5 ± 1 c | 4 ± 0 de | 6 ± 0 c | 5 ± 1 cd | 6 ± 0 c | 7 ± 1 b | 7 ± 0 b | 7 ± 0 b | 8 ± 0 a | 4 ± 0 e | 2 ± 0 f | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benzaldehyde | 12 ± 2 de | 8 ± 1 fg | 9 ± 1 f | 12 ± 1 e | 14 ± 0 cd | 17 ± 0 b | 88 ± 1 a | 8 ± 1 fg | 6 ± 0 g | 12 ± 1 e | 9 ± 1 f | 14 ± 1 cde | 15 ± 1 bc | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Methyl acetate | 12 ± 1 d | 10 ± 1 e | 21 ± 0 a | 22 ± 2 a | 18 ± 0 b | 18 ± 0 b | 13 ± 1 d | 13 ± 2 d | 11 ± 0 de | 12 ± 0 d | 15 ± 0 c | 12 ± 0 d | 15 ± 0 c | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ethyl acetate | 11 ± 2 e | 17 ± 1 d | 5 ± 0 h | 6 ± 0 gh | 5 ± 0 hi | 30 ± 1 c | 63 ± 3 a | 8 ± 0 efg | 7 ± 1 fgh | 9 ± 0 ef | 1 ± 0 j | 2 ± 0 ij | 48 ± 1 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Methyl butanoate | 53 ± 1 g | 50 ± 2 g | 93 ± 6 e | 131 ± 3 c | 110 ± 7 d | 177 ± 4 b | 192 ± 3 a | 54 ± 1 g | 40 ± 1 h | 58 ± 4 g | 77 ± 7 f | 70 ± 5 f | 89 ± 4 e | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ethyl butanoate | 5 ± 0 cd | 4 ± 0 cd | 2 ± 0 d | 5 ± 0 cd | 4 ± 0 cd | 42 ± 0 b | 159 ± 11 a | 10 ± 1 c | 6 ± 0 cd | 5 ± 0 cd | 8 ± 0 cd | 8 ± 1 cd | 36 ± 1 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate | 3 ± 1 b | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 2 ± 0 c | 5 ± 0 a | 1 ± 0 d | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Methyl hexanoate | 56 ± 4 e | 57 ± 4 e | 103 ± 1 cd | 159 ± 17 b | 159 ± 12 b | 252 ± 8 a | 113 ± 4 c | 43 ± 3 e | 46 ± 1 e | 90 ± 5 d | 101 ± 1 cd | 113 ± 22 c | 110 ± 2 cd | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Butyl butanoate | 15 ± 3 abc | 13 ± 0 cdef | 18 ± 0 a | 17 ± 3 ab | 15 ± 1 bcd | 16 ± 1 abc | 14 ± 1 bcd | 14 ± 1 bcde | 11 ± 1 ef | 10 ± 0 fg | 11 ± 1 def | 12 ± 1 def | 7 ± 0 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ethyl hexanoate | 2 ± 0 ef | 3 ± 0 d | 1 ± 0 gh | 2 ± 0 e | 1 ± 0 fgh | 7 ± 1 b | 6 ± 0 c | 1 ± 0 fgh | 1 ± 0 h | 1 ± 0 fgh | 1 ± 0 gh | 2 ± 0 efg | 27 ± 1 a | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hexyl acetate | 21 ± 1 d | 28 ± 3 c | 13 ± 0 ef | 9 ± 1 gh | 5 ± 0 i | 31 ± 0 b | 119 ± 3 a | 15 ± 1 e | 6 ± 0 hi | 7 ± 0 hi | 4 ± 1 i | 11 ± 2 fg | 12 ± 1 efg | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(2E)-hexenyl acetate | n.d. | 20 ± 0 b | 31 ± 1 a | 18 ± 1 c | 5 ± 0 g | 5 ± 0 g | 8 ± 0 f | 14 ± 2 d | 9 ± 1 ef | 17 ± 1 c | 6 ± 0 g | 8 ± 0 f | 10 ± 1 e | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Methyl octanoate | 2 ± 0 d | 1 ± 0 e | 1 ± 0 e | 5 ± 1 b | 4 ± 0 c | 7 ± 0 a | 8 ± 0 a | 1 ± 0 e | n.d. | n.d. | 3 ± 0 d | 4 ± 0 c | 4 ± 0 c | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hexyl butanoate | 1 ± 0 b | 1 ± 0 b | 1 ± 0 b | 2 ± 0 b | 1 ± 0 b | 2 ± 0 b | 18 ± 3 a | 1 ± 0 b | 1 ± 0 b | 1 ± 0 b | 1 ± 0 b | 1 ± 0 b | n.d. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(2E)-Hexenyl butanoate | 1 ± 0 fgh | 1 ± 0 gh | 1 ± 0 ef | 3 ± 0 b | 1 ± 0 hi | 1 ± 0 fg | 16 ± 0 a | 2 ± 0 c | 2 ± 0 d | 1 ± 0 de | 1 ± 0 i | 1 ± 0 de | 1 ± 0 ef | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2-Methyl butanoate | 22 ± 3 ef | 24 ± 1 ef | 27 ± 1 e | 50 ± 5 d | 44 ± 1 d | 161 ± 9 a | 123 ± 9 b | 26 ± 0 ef | 18 ± 1 ef | 24 ± 1 ef | 17 ± 1 f | 26 ± 4 ef | 86 ± 2 c | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benzyl acetate | 519 ± 43 g | 506 ± 32 g | 2067 ± 7 f | 3608 ± 65 d | 5519 ± 150 b | 5050 ± 229 c | 6414 ± 394 a | 436 ± 11 g | 804 ± 76 g | 1801 ± 57 f | 2521 ± 141 e | 2161 ± 253 ef | 3303 ± 194 d | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate | 3 ± 1 cde | 1 ± 0 f | 2 ± 0 de | 4 ± 0 c | 5 ± 0 b | 3 ± 0 cd | 7 ± 1 a | 1 ± 0 ef | 1 ± 0 f | 2 ± 0 ef | 2 ± 0 ef | 2 ± 0 ef | 2 ± 0 ef | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ketones | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2-Butanone | 12 ± 1 def | 16 ± 2 bcd | 18 ± 1 b | 16 ± 2 bc | 14 ± 0 bcde | 15 ± 0 bcde | 48 ± 4 a | 14 ± 1 cde | 13 ± 1 cdef | 10 ± 0 fg | 11 ± 1 ef | 6 ± 0 h | 6 ± 0 gh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2,3-Butanedione | 32 ± 2 c | 32 ± 3 c | 25 ± 1 d | 39 ± 0 a | 22 ± 1 d | 40 ± 2 a | 35 ± 0 b | 24 ± 2 d | 19 ± 1 e | 13 ± 1 f | 8 ± 0 g | 14 ± 1 f | 15 ± 1 f | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2-Heptanone | 2 ± 0 d | 1 ± 0 i | 1 ± 0 h | 6 ± 0 b | 5 ± 0 c | 6 ± 0 a | 6 ± 0 a | 2 ± 0 ef | 2 ± 0 ef | 2 ± 0 gh | 2 ± 0 fg | 2 ± 0 fg | 2 ± 0 e | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alcohols | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol | 82 ± 7 f | 85 ± 0 f | 101 ± 2 e | 157 ± 8 a | 130 ± 0 bc | 138 ± 3 b | 111 ± 4 de | 90 ± 8 f | 81 ± 1 f | 125 ± 4 c | 123 ± 1 c | 127 ± 11 bc | 120 ± 1 cd | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(6Z)-3,7,11-Trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol | 35 ± 3 ef | 36 ± 1 ef | 27 ± 0 f | 123 ± 9 a | 64 ± 4 d | 118 ± 10 a | 90 ± 8 bc | 39 ± 2 ef | 33 ± 2 f | 76 ± 1 cd | 50 ± 2 e | 102 ± 16 b | 88 ± 0 bc | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acids | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Butyric acid | 1 ± 0 c | n.d. | 1 ± 0 ef | 2 ± 0 a | 1 ± 0 d | 2 ± 0 b | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1 ± 0 g | 1 ± 0 fg | 1 ± 0 de | 1 ± 0 ef | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hexanoic acid | 26 ± 3 h | 27 ± 0 h | 38 ± 0 g | 97 ± 10 d | 75 ± 4 ef | 140 ± 5 c | 370 ± 2 a | 19 ± 1 h | 25 ± 0 h | 64 ± 3 f | 69 ± 2 ef | 79 ± 3 e | 162 ± 12 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Furanones | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4-Methoxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone | 20 ± 1 g | 26 ± 1 g | 45 ± 1 g | 145 ± 12 de | 135 ± 10 de | 617 ± 17 b | 711 ± 22 a | 24 ± 1 g | 44 ± 0 g | 121 ± 11 ef | 98 ± 4 f | 153 ± 31 d | 437 ± 18 c | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sum | 3044 ± 99 g | 3090 ± 53 g | 4584 ± 70 e | 6199 ± 235 c | 8027 ± 132 b | 8420 ± 184 b | 10198 ± 380 a | 2263 ± 104 h | 2511 ± 14 h | 3694 ± 80 f | 4348 ± 162 e | 3835 ± 372 f | 5480 ± 181 d |
Volatile Compound | B0h | B6h | B1D | B2D | B3D | B6D | B9D | BT6h | BT1D | BT2D | BT3D | BT6D | BT9D | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aldehydes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acetaldehyde | 881 ± 9 abc | 954 ± 134 ab | 824 ± 65 c | 872 ± 35 bc | 802 ± 49 c | 811 ± 29 c | 988 ± 2 a | 369 ± 5 d | 464 ± 9 d | 402 ± 13 d | 430 ± 49 d | 420 ± 5 d | 440 ± 36 d | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hexanal | 160 ± 14 ab | 146 ± 30 ab | 162 ± 24 ab | 127 ± 9 bc | 99 ± 9 cd | 77 ± 9 de | 25 ± 0 f | 163 ± 17 ab | 165 ± 14 a | 155 ± 17 ab | 150 ± 4 ab | 77 ± 14 de | 48 ± 8 ef | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2-Hexenal | 871 ± 41 a | 831 ± 20 a | 798 ± 114 a | 692 ± 55 b | 623 ± 43 bc | 506 ± 15 cd | 164 ± 8 f | 569 ± 47 c | 615 ± 10 bc | 611 ± 2 bc | 600 ± 24 bc | 411 ± 67 de | 308 ± 58 e | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nonanal | 7 ± 0 ab | 7 ± 1 ab | 4 ± 0 c | 6 ± 0 b | 4 ± 1 c | 6 ± 0 b | 8 ± 1 a | 4 ± 0 c | 3 ± 0 c | 4 ± 0 c | 6 ± 1 b | 4 ± 0 c | 3 ± 0 c | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benzaldehyde | 11 ± 1 cdef | 16 ± 3 b | 5 ± 1 g | 10 ± 1 cdef | 13 ± 1 bcde | 14 ± 1 bc | 39 ± 3 a | 7 ± 0 fg | 9 ± 1 ef | 10 ± 1 def | 14 ± 1 bcd | 10 ± 2 ef | 14 ± 3 bc | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Methyl acetate | 18 ± 0 a | 10 ± 1 de | 14 ± 1 b | 16 ± 0 a | 13 ± 0 b | 13 ± 1 b | 10 ± 1 cd | 16 ± 0 a | 10 ± 1 cd | 12 ± 0 bc | 8 ± 0 e | 9 ± 0 de | 8 ± 0 e | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ethyl acetate | 10 ± 0 fg | 12 ± 0 fg | 5 ± 1 g | 6 ± 0 g | 5 ± 0 g | 46 ± 2 c | 144 ± 2 a | 128 ± 19 b | 37 ± 4 cd | 31 ± 1 de | 13 ± 1 fg | 11 ± 1 fg | 19 ± 2 ef | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Methyl butanoate | 159 ± 5 c | 173 ± 3 c | 118 ± 15 d | 118 ± 8 d | 211 ± 3 b | 226 ± 15 b | 254 ± 31 a | 87 ± 3 e | 72 ± 11 e | 91 ± 13 e | 122 ± 4 d | 168 ± 8 c | 205 ± 5 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ethyl butanoate | 18 ± 2 cd | 18 ± 1 cde | 3 ± 0 e | 5 ± 0 de | 18 ± 1 cde | 138 ± 10 a | 138 ± 14 a | 89 ± 9 b | 13 ± 2 de | 12 ± 2 de | 30 ± 3 c | 84 ± 10 b | 135 ± 6 a | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate | 1 ± 0 ef | 1 ± 0 def | 1 ± 0 def | 1 ± 0 f | 1 ± 0 ef | 3 ± 1 b | 3 ± 0 c | 8 ± 0 a | 1 ± 0 de | 1 ± 0 ef | 1 ± 0 ef | 2 ± 0 d | 3 ± 0 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Methyl hexanoate | 330 ± 4 d | 377 ± 24 c | 140 ± 18 hi | 149 ± 1 hi | 306 ± 31 de | 434 ± 19 b | 534 ± 25 a | 159 ± 16 gh | 107 ± 13 i | 128 ± 11 hi | 195 ± 10 fg | 216 ± 28 f | 276 ± 5 e | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Butyl butanoate | 19 ± 0 b | 20 ± 3 b | 18 ± 3 bc | 18 ± 1 bc | 17 ± 1 bcd | 25 ± 3 a | 20 ± 3 b | 7 ± 1 f | 11 ± 1 ef | 13 ± 0 cde | 12 ± 0 e | 9 ± 1 ef | 13 ± 2 de | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ethyl hexanoate | 21 ± 3 e | 20 ± 2 ef | 1 ± 0 g | 3 ± 0 fg | 15 ± 0 efg | 162 ± 17 b | 187 ± 16 a | 71 ± 9 d | 22 ± 3 e | 26 ± 3 e | 30 ± 2 e | 91 ± 6 c | 153 ± 1 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hexyl acetate | 10 ± 1 def | 9 ± 0 ef | 5 ± 1 f | 7 ± 0 ef | 29 ± 2 c | 86 ± 11 a | 82 ± 7 a | 17 ± 3 de | 9 ± 3 def | 15 ± 0 def | 14 ± 1 def | 19 ± 3 d | 48 ± 5 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(2E)-Hexenyl acetate | 19 ± 2 c | 18 ± 1 cd | 9 ± 1 e | 10 ± 1 e | 20 ± 1 c | 9 ± 1 e | 15 ± 2 d | 36 ± 4 a | 17 ± 3 cd | 31 ± 1 b | 16 ± 1 cd | 11 ± 1 e | 9 ± 0 e | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Methyl octanoate | 7 ± 1 cdef | 7 ± 1 cdef | 3 ± 0 hi | 4 ± 0 efgh | 8 ± 0 cd | 18 ± 2 b | 29 ± 4 a | 4 ± 0 fgh | 1 ± 0 i | 4 ± 0 ghi | 7 ± 0 cde | 6 ± 2 defg | 10 ± 1 c | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hexyl butanoate | 3 ± 0 c | 2 ± 0 cd | 2 ± 0 cd | 1 ± 0 de | 2 ± 0 cde | 6 ± 1 b | 11 ± 2 a | n.d. | n.d. | 1 ± 0 cde | 1 ± 0 cde | 3 ± 0 c | 5 ± 0 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ethyl octanoate | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 5 ± 1 b | 6 ± 1 a | 1 ± 0 d | n.d. | n.d. | 1 ± 0 de | 2 ± 0 c | 4 ± 0 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(2E)-Hexenyl butanoate | 1 ± 0 de | 1 ± 0 e | 1 ± 0 e | 1 ± 0 de | 3 ± 0 ab | 2 ± 0 c | 3 ± 0 ab | 2 ± 0 cd | n.d. | n.d. | 3 ± 0 ab | 3 ± 1 a | 3 ± 0 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2-Methyl butanoate | 69 ± 12 d | 59 ± 5 def | 43 ± 3 efg | 61 ± 3 de | 72 ± 3 d | 157 ± 4 b | 238 ± 26 a | 43 ± 3 efg | 34 ± 0 g | 40 ± 0 fg | 38 ± 4 fg | 67 ± 8 d | 123 ± 4 c | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benzyl acetate | 546 ± 45 i | 515 ± 22 i | 819 ± 118 gh | 3854 ± 46 a | 2432 ± 44 d | 3327 ± 102 b | 3068 ± 134 c | 655 ± 25 hi | 970 ± 44 g | 1990 ± 23 e | 2411 ± 170 d | 2160 ± 41 e | 1420 ± 31 f | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate | 2 ± 0 de | 2 ± 0 d | 1 ± 0 gh | 3 ± 0 a | 2 ± 0 c | 3 ± 0 b | 3 ± 0 a | 1 ± 0 h | 1 ± 0 h | 1 ± 0 g | 1 ± 0 ef | 1 ± 0 fg | 1 ± 0 fg | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ketones | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2-Butanone | 16 ± 2 b | 14 ± 2 b | 13 ± 0 b | 13 ± 1 b | 9 ± 0 c | 13 ± 1 bc | 32 ± 5 a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2,3-Butanedione | 92 ± 4 a | 87 ± 6 a | 45 ± 8 c | 46 ± 3 c | 51 ± 3 bc | 56 ± 4 b | 42 ± 6 c | 28 ± 0 de | 25 ± 1 de | 20 ± 2 e | 32 ± 5 d | 22 ± 4 de | 25 ± 3 de | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2-Heptanone | 10 ± 2 de | 8 ± 0 e | 2 ± 0 g | 6 ± 0 f | 12 ± 0 c | 18 ± 0 a | 20 ± 2 a | 2 ± 0 g | 2 ± 0 g | 4 ± 0 fg | 10 ± 1 de | 12 ± 1 cd | 15 ± 2 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alcohols | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol | 72 ± 5 d | 76 ± 6 d | 145 ± 11 bc | 134 ± 5 bc | 168 ± 1 a | 138 ± 7 bc | 81 ± 4 d | 167 ± 6 a | 144 ± 14 bc | 127 ± 4 c | 174 ± 10 a | 152 ± 19 ab | 138 ± 14 bc | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(6Z)-3,7,11-Trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol | 191 ± 11 c | 190 ± 14 c | 142 ± 13 ef | 156 ± 5 de | 267 ± 5 a | 240 ± 2 ab | 227 ± 27 b | 118 ± 15 f | 132 ± 3 ef | 146 ± 2 ef | 237 ± 31 ab | 183 ± 14 cd | 207 ± 12 bc | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acids | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Butyric acid | 2 ± 0 de | 1 ± 0 e | 1 ± 0 e | 2 ± 0 de | 3 ± 0 de | 8 ± 0 bc | 15 ± 3 a | 1 ± 0 e | 1 ± 0 e | 1 ± 0 e | 3 ± 0 d | 7 ± 0 c | 9 ± 0 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hexanoic acid | 87 ± 7 fg | 96 ± 9 fg | 62 ± 7 h | 102 ± 6 f | 185 ± 17 e | 381 ± 10 c | 664 ± 21 a | 59 ± 1 h | 71 ± 6 gh | 112 ± 12 f | 231 ± 7 d | 380 ± 12 c | 502 ± 13 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Furanones | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4-Methoxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone | 156 ± 14 fg | 167 ± 6 fg | 101 ± 7 g | 229 ± 10 f | 376 ± 39 e | 815 ± 8 c | 1137 ± 66 a | 156 ± 4 fg | 112 ± 2 g | 210 ± 9 f | 338 ± 21 e | 571 ± 18 d | 985 ± 87 b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sum | 3787 ± 5 g | 3836 ± 102 g | 3490 ± 219 g | 6651 ± 61 c | 5766 ± 17 d | 7742 ± 256 b | 8186 ± 286 a | 2968 ± 68 h | 3048 ± 136 h | 4200 ± 64 f | 5129 ± 51 e | 5110 ± 228 e | 5130 ± 272 e |
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Kim, I.; Ahn, D.; Choi, J.H.; Lim, J.-H.; Ok, G.; Park, K.-J.; Lee, J. Changes in Volatile Compounds in Short-Term High CO2-Treated ‘Seolhyang’ Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) Fruit during Cold Storage. Molecules 2022, 27, 6599. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196599
Kim I, Ahn D, Choi JH, Lim J-H, Ok G, Park K-J, Lee J. Changes in Volatile Compounds in Short-Term High CO2-Treated ‘Seolhyang’ Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) Fruit during Cold Storage. Molecules. 2022; 27(19):6599. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196599
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Inhwan, Donghee Ahn, Jeong Hee Choi, Jeong-Ho Lim, Gyeongsik Ok, Kee-Jai Park, and Jihyun Lee. 2022. "Changes in Volatile Compounds in Short-Term High CO2-Treated ‘Seolhyang’ Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) Fruit during Cold Storage" Molecules 27, no. 19: 6599. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196599