Effects of Maillard Reaction on Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Cat Food Attractant
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. Preparation of Protein Hydrolysate from Grass Carp Waste
2.4. Preparation of Cat Food Attractor by Maillard Reaction
2.5. Antioxidant Activity Analysis
2.5.1. DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Ability
2.5.2. Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Ability
2.5.3. Fe2+ Chelation Ability
2.6. Volatile Compounds Analysis
2.7. Evaluation of Application Effect of Cat Food Attractants
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Maillard Reaction on Volatile Compounds
3.1.1. Hydrocarbon
3.1.2. Alcohol
3.1.3. Aldehyde
3.1.4. Keto Acids
3.1.5. Esters and Others
3.2. Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Food Attractants
3.2.1. DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Ability
3.2.2. Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Ability
3.2.3. Fe2+ Chelation Ability
3.3. Application Effect of Self-made Cat Food Attractant
3.3.1. Analysis of Acceptability of Cat Food Attractant
3.3.2. Palatability Analysis of Cat Food Attractant
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Factors | Reducing Sugar (%) | Cysteine Hydrochloride (%) | Thiamine (%) | Na2HPO4 (%) | Temperature (°C) | Time (min) | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | 4 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 115 | 45 | 7.0 |
Hydrocarbons | Self-Made Attractants | Commercial Attractants | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Volatile Compounds | Relative Content (%) | Volatile Compounds | Relative Content (%) | |
1 | Tetradecane | 0.041 ± 0.01 e | Tetradecane | 2.199 ± 0.31 b |
2 | Nonadecane | 0.902 ± 0.02 b | Nonadecane | 0.991 ± 0.04 c |
3 | 1-Limonene | 0.397 ± 0.01 c | 1-Limonene | 2.281 ± 0.32 b |
4 | Octane | 0.870 ± 0.02 b | 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane | 8.456 ± 0.45 a |
5 | Trichloromethane | 0.342 ± 0.00 c | Decane | 1.999 ± 0.21 b |
6 | Ethylene oxide | 0.436 ± 0.03 c | 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyloctane | 1.922 ± 0.26 b |
7 | Hexadecane | 0.424 ± 0.05 c | 6-Methyl-tridecane | 0.799 ± 0.05 c |
8 | Octodecane | 0.132 ± 0.02 d | 2,5,9-Trimethyl-decane | 0.187 ± 0.03 e |
9 | 3-(propyl-2-enoyloxy) dodecane | 0.104 ± 0.05 d | Undecane | 2.181 ± 0.28 b |
10 | 1,3-Butadiene | 0.177 ± 0.01 a | Dodecyl-cyclopropyl siloxane | 0.114 ± 0.17 e |
11 | 2,4-heptadiene | 1.301 ± 0.07 b | 2,3-Dihydroxybutane | 0.682 ± 0.02 c |
12 | (Z) 2-Octene | 0.456 ± 0.03 c | 3-Methyl-tridecane | 0.312 ± 0.02 d |
13 | 1,6,10-Hexadecatene | 0.653 ± 0.05 c | Ethylbenzene | 0.259 ± 0.01 d e |
14 | (E)-2-decene | 3.574 ± 0.75 a | Xylene | 0.083 ± 0.00 e |
15 | 2-Ethyl-1-decene | 0.301 ± 0.01 d | ||
16 | 2,2-Dimethyl-4-decene | 0.124 ± 0.01 e | ||
17 | 1-Tetradecene | 0.408 ± 0.05 d | ||
Total | 9.812 ± 1.01 | 23.299 ± 6.33 |
Alcohols | Self-Made Attractants | Commercial Attractants | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Volatile Compounds | Relative Content (%) | Volatile Compounds | Relative Content (%) | |
1 | 1-Pentene-3 alcohol | 0.124 ± 0.02 e | 1-Pentene-3 alcohol | 0.138 ± 0.02 d |
2 | N -pentanol | 2.673 ± 0.15 b | N -pentanol | 0.830 ± 0.07 b |
3 | 1,5-Octandiene-3-ol | 0.855 ± 0.09 c | 1,5-Octandiene-3-ol | 0.295 ± 0.03 d |
4 | 1-Octanol | 4.679 ± 0.34 b | 1-Octanol | 0.316 ± 0.05 c d |
5 | 2,4-Dimethyl-cyclohexanol | 0.403 ± 0.05 d | 2,4-Dimethyl-cyclohexanol | 4.057 ± 0.56 a |
6 | N -heptanol | 2.845 ± 0.30 b | N -heptanol | 0.065 ± 0.00 e |
7 | Hexyl alcohol | 3.726 ± 0.46 b | Hexyl alcohol | 0.529 ± 0.06 c |
8 | 1-Octene-3-ol | 9.360 ± 0.81 a | 1-Octene-3-ol | 3.133 ± 0.66 a |
9 | 2-Octene alcohol | 2.633 ± 0.17 b | 2-Octene alcohol | 0.624 ± 0.05 b c |
10 | Benzyl alcohol | 0.479 ± 0.05 d | Benzyl alcohol | 0.061 ± 0.00 e |
11 | 1-Tridecane-1-ol | 0.550 ± 0.06 d | 1-Heptene-1-ol | 0.232 ± 0.01 d |
12 | 3-Heptene-1-ol | 2.947 ± 0.25 b | Heptanol | 0.453 ± 0.05 c |
13 | 2,7-Octandiene-1-ol | 0.328 ± 0.05 d | 2-Hexadecanol | 0.613 ± 0.07 b c |
14 | 3-Nonene-1-ol | 1.102 ± 0.08 c | 2-Tetradecanol | 0.161 ± 0.02 d |
15 | 4-Ethyl cyclohexanol | 1.587 ± 0.65 c | N -caprylic alcohol | 0.871 ± 0.08 b |
16 | (+)-5-Methyl-2-hexanol | 0.426 ± 0.05 c | ||
17 | 2-Cyclopropyl 1-propanol | 0.208 ± 0.03 d | ||
18 | Furfuryl alcohol | 1.302 ± 0.35 b | ||
19 | 2,4-Dimethyl-cyclohexanol | 0.138 ± 0.02 d | ||
20 | 2-Phenethyl alcohol | 3.269 ± 0.29 a | ||
21 | 3,7-Dimethyl-1-octanol | 0.149 ± 0.02 d | ||
Total | 34.292 ± 3.05 | 17.868 ± 2.07 |
Aldehydes | Self-Made Attractants | Commercial Attractants | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Volatile Compounds | Relative Content (%) | Volatile Compounds | Relative Content (%) | |
1 | Hexanal | 3.758 ± 0.66 b | Hexanal | 3.912 ± 0.38 a |
2 | Heptanal | 1.222 ± 0.31 c | Heptanal | 0.544 ± 0.04 c |
3 | Octanal | 2.373 ± 0.25 b,c | Octanal | 0.449 ± 0.05 c |
4 | Nonanal | 6.699 ± 0.75 a | Nonanal | 0.971 ± 0.09 b |
5 | 2-Octene aldehyde | 0.144 ± 0.02 e | 2-Octene aldehyde | 0.524 ± 0.05 c |
6 | Benzaldehyde | 0.145 ± 0.03 e | Benzaldehyde | 1.497 ± 0.20 b |
7 | E -2-heptene aldehyde | 4.687 ± 0.55 a,b | 2-Methylpropyl aldehyde | 1.124 ± 0.18 b |
8 | 2,4-Heptanedienal | 0.296 ± 0.03 d | Isovaleraldehyde | 5.721 ± 0.65 a |
9 | 2-Octene aldehyde | 4.015 ± 0.46 a | 2-Pentyl-2-nonenal | 0.119 ± 0.25 d |
10 | Decanal | 0.258 ± 0.02 d | α-Ethylene-phenylacetaldehyde | 0.102 ± 0.02 d |
11 | Benzaldehyde | 1.181 ± 0.20 c | 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-2-hexenal | 0.226 ± 0.09 d |
12 | (Z)-6-Nonene aldehyde | 2.312 ± 0.25 b,c | ||
13 | Dimethyl-silane dialdehyde | 0.692 ± 0.07 d | ||
14 | 4-Ethyl benzaldehyde | 0.252 ± 0.03 a | ||
15 | Trans-undecane-2-enal | 1.313 ± 0.05 c | ||
16 | (E,E)-2,4-decanodienal | 0.963 ± 0.08 c | ||
17 | 2,4-Decanodienal | 2.845 ± 0.36 b,c | ||
18 | Furfuraldehyde | 0.362 ± 0.05 d | ||
Total | 33.515 ± 3.25 | 15.189 ± 1.85 |
Keto Acids | Self-Made Attractants | Commercial Attractants | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Volatile Compounds | Relative Content (%) | Volatile Compounds | Relative Content (%) | |
1 | 2-Octanone | 0.168 ± 0.02 e | 2-Octanone | 0.160 ± 0.02 c |
2 | 1-Octene-3-ketone | 2.620 ± 0.31 b,c | 1-Octene-3-ketone | 0.517 ± 0.05 b |
3 | N -caprylic acid | 6.834 ± 0.75 a | N -caprylic acid | 2.667 ± 0.31 a |
4 | Nonanoic acid | 0.198 ± 0.25 e | Nonanoic acid | 0.082 ± 0.00 d |
5 | Heptylic acid | 1.690 ± 0.15 c | Heptylic acid | 0.169 ± 0.02 c |
6 | 3-Hexene-2-ketone | 0.655 ± 0.77 d | 2,3-Pentarone | 0.251 ± 0.01 c |
7 | 2-Heptanone | 0.589 ± 0.60 d | 2-Hydroxy-acetone | 0.387 ± 0.03 b,c |
8 | 3-Octene-2-ketone | 0.283 ± 0.03 e | Hydroxy acetone | 0.679 ± 0.00 b |
9 | 3-Nonene-2 ketone | 0.240 ± 0.02 e | 2,2,6-Trimethyl-cyclohexanone | 0.242 ± 0.02 c |
10 | Linolenic acid | 0.369 ± 0.05 e | 2,3-Diketone | 1.603 ± 0.08 a |
11 | Hexanoic acid | 1.841 ± 0.21 c | 6-Methyl-5-heptene-2-ketone | 0.498 ± 0.05 b |
12 | Acetic acid | 1.413 ± 0.17 c | 2-Nonyl ketone | 0.098 ± 0.01 c,d |
13 | 3,6-Dimethyl-oct-2-ketone | 0.050 ± 0.00 d | ||
14 | Geranylacetone | 0.041 ± 0.00 d | ||
15 | 2-Pyrrolidone | 0.063 ± 0.01 d | ||
16 | 2-Methyl-2-ethyl-1-propyl propionic acid | 0.329 ± 0.05 b,c | ||
17 | 2-Isobutyric acid | 0.192 ± 0.02 c | ||
18 | N-decanoic acid | 0.981 ± 0.05 a | ||
19 | 9-Decanoic acid | 0.103 ± 0.02 c | ||
20 | Pentanoic acid | 1.011 ± 0.04 a | ||
21 | 4-Methylvaleric acid | 0.450 ± 0.05 b | ||
Total | 16.900 ± 1.33 | 10.574 ± 1.45 |
Esters | Self-Made Attractants | Commercial Attractants | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Volatile Compounds | Relative Content (%) | Volatile Compounds | Relative Content (%) | |
1 | N -pentylbutyllactone | 0.071 ± 0.01 b | N -pentylbutyllactone | 0.069 ± 0.00 f |
2 | Methyl 2-hydroxyisobutyrate | 0.052 ± 0.01 b | Propyl 2-hydroxypropionate | 0.214 ± 0.03 e |
3 | P -caproic acid-p-nitrophenyl ester | 0.266 ± 0.03 a | Butyl acetate | 0.306 ± 0.05 e |
4 | 2-Hexene-4-lactone | 0.249 ± 0.03 a | Buty propionate | 0.265 ± 0.02 e |
5 | Decyl-butyl phthalate | 0.637 ± 0.05 e | ||
6 | Butyl acrylate | 1.652 ± 0.20 d | ||
7 | Butyl butyrate | 1.127 ± 0.15 d | ||
8 | Ethyl caprylate | 6.710 ± 0.55 b | ||
9 | Ethyl caprate | 11.037 ± 0.97 a | ||
10 | Ethyl 9-decenoate | 1.126 ± 0.16 d | ||
11 | Octanoic acid-3-Methyl butyl ester | 0.419 ± 0.45 a | ||
12 | Ethyl laurate | 3.265 ± 0.35 c | ||
13 | 3-Methylbutyrate | 0.718 ± 0.07 d | ||
14 | E -11-hexadecanoenoic acid ethyl ester | 0.875 ± 0.08 d | ||
15 | Ethyl palmitate | 0.166 ± 0.02 e | ||
Total | 0.638 ± 0.05 | 28.585 ± 2.11 | ||
Others | Self-Made Attractants | Commercial Attractants | ||
Volatile Compounds | Relative Content (%) | Volatile Compounds | Relative Content (%) | |
1 | 2-N-pentylfuran | 2.459 ± 0.25 a | 2-N-pentylfuran | 2.045 ± 0.21 a |
2 | 2-Acetylfuran | 1.619 ± 0.17 a | 2-Acetylfuran | 0.633 ± 0.05 b |
3 | 2-Heptyl furan | 0.246 ± 0.02 b | 2-Acetyl pyrrole | 0.321 ± 0.03 b |
4 | 2-Ethyl furan | 0.114 ± 0.15 b | 2-Methylpyrazine | 0.635 ± 0.06 b |
5 | 4-Methyl-5-hydroxyethyl thiazole | 0.270 ± 0.02 b | 2, 6-Dimethylpiperazine | 0.276 ± 0.02 b |
6 | 5-Pentyl-2-(5H) furan | 0.136 ± 0.02 b | 2-Ethyl-6-methyl-pyrazine | 0.166 ± 0.01 b |
7 | 2-ethyl-5-methyl-tetrahydrofuran | 0.113 ± 0.01 b | ||
8 | Nucleoside chrysanthemum ring | 0.299 ± 0.04 b | ||
Total | 4.843 ± 0.35 | 4.487 ± 0.38 |
Treatment Groups | A | B | CK |
---|---|---|---|
Feeding rate/% | 75.37 ± 7.32 a | 80.07 ± 8.33 a | 37.63 ± 10.37 b |
Treatment Groups | First Sniffing | First Bite | Feeding Rate/% | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | CK | A | B | CK | A | B | CK | |
First day | 5 | 25 | 0 | 3 | 27 | 0 | 27.85 ± 9.31 b | 69.52 ± 7.49 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 c |
Second day | 6 | 24 | 0 | 4 | 26 | 0 | 22.68 ± 6.77 b | 75.51 ± 8.52 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 c |
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Sun, K.; Dai, Z.; Hong, W.; Zhao, J.; Zhao, H.; Luo, J.; Xie, G. Effects of Maillard Reaction on Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Cat Food Attractant. Molecules 2022, 27, 7239. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217239
Sun K, Dai Z, Hong W, Zhao J, Zhao H, Luo J, Xie G. Effects of Maillard Reaction on Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Cat Food Attractant. Molecules. 2022; 27(21):7239. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217239
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Kekui, Zhaoqi Dai, Wenlong Hong, Jianying Zhao, Hang Zhao, Ji Luo, and Guangjie Xie. 2022. "Effects of Maillard Reaction on Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Cat Food Attractant" Molecules 27, no. 21: 7239. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217239