Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) from Sphingomonas paucimobilis Increase the Efficacy of Liposome-Based Nanovaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii-Associated Pneumonia in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Analysis of the PDI, Size, and Zeta Potential of Liposomes
2.2. BMDCs Treated with GSLs-Liposomes Stimulate the Splenocytes to Secrete Higher Levels of IFN-γ
2.3. Immunization with WCAgs-GSLs-Liposomes or WCAgs-Liposomes Induced No Toxicity
2.4. WCAgs-GSLs-Liposomes Induced the Higher Secretion of IgG and Lymphocyte Proliferation
2.5. WCAgs-GSLs-Liposomes-Immunized Mice Had Stimulated Immune Responses, in Terms of Cytokines and Co-Stimulatory Molecules
2.6. Anti-sera from WCAgs-GSLs-Liposomes-Immunized Mice Effectively Inhibited the Formation of Biofilm
2.7. WCAgs-GSLs-Liposomes-Immunized Mice Showed Higher Resistance to A. baumannii
2.8. Immunization with WCAgs-GSLs-Liposomes Showed Greater Efficacy against A. baumannii Infection in Immunocompromised mice
2.9. Mice Immunized with WCAgs-GSLs-Liposomes Exhibited Less Severe Complications in the Lung Tissues
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Sphingomonas paucimobilis
3.3. Preparation of Whole Cell Antigens (WCAgs) from A. baumannii
3.4. Isolation of GSLs from S. paucimobilis
3.5. Preparation of Antigen-Loaded GSLs-Free and GSLs-Bearing Liposomes
3.6. Mice
3.7. Isolation of Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells (BMDCs) and Loading with GSLs-Liposomes
3.8. Immunization of Mice with WCAgs-Liposomes and WCAgs-GSLs-Liposomes
- PBS;
- Sham liposomes;
- GSLs-liposomes;
- Free WCAgs;
- WCAgs-liposomes;
- WCAgs-GSLs-liposomes.
3.9. Analysis of Total IgG and Lymphocyte Proliferation
3.10. ELISPOT Assay
3.11. Analysis of IFN-γ and IL-4
3.12. Determination of the Expression of Co-Stimulatory Molecules and antigen Presenting Molecules in Splenocytes
3.13. To Determine the Effect of Anti-Sera on the Formation of Biofilm by A. baumannii
3.14. Infection of Mice with A. baumannii
3.15. To Determine the Prophylactic Efficacy of Vaccine Formulations against A. baumannii
3.16. Immunization of Immune-Compromised Mice
3.17. Infection of Immunocompromised Mice with A. baumannii
3.18. Effectiveness of Vaccine Formulations in Protection against A. baumannii in Immunocompromised Mice
3.19. Histological Analysis of Lung Tissues
3.20. Statistical Analyses
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Liposomal Formulations | PDI | Size (nm) | Zeta Potential |
---|---|---|---|
Lip-WCAgs | 0.286 | 110 | −12.4 |
GSLs-lip-WCAgs | 0.312 | 128 | −16.6 |
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Khan, M.A.; Allemailem, K.S.; Maswadeh, H.; Younus, H. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) from Sphingomonas paucimobilis Increase the Efficacy of Liposome-Based Nanovaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii-Associated Pneumonia in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Mice. Molecules 2022, 27, 7790. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227790
Khan MA, Allemailem KS, Maswadeh H, Younus H. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) from Sphingomonas paucimobilis Increase the Efficacy of Liposome-Based Nanovaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii-Associated Pneumonia in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Mice. Molecules. 2022; 27(22):7790. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227790
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Masood Alam, Khaled S. Allemailem, Hamzah Maswadeh, and Hina Younus. 2022. "Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) from Sphingomonas paucimobilis Increase the Efficacy of Liposome-Based Nanovaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii-Associated Pneumonia in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Mice" Molecules 27, no. 22: 7790. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227790
APA StyleKhan, M. A., Allemailem, K. S., Maswadeh, H., & Younus, H. (2022). Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) from Sphingomonas paucimobilis Increase the Efficacy of Liposome-Based Nanovaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii-Associated Pneumonia in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Mice. Molecules, 27(22), 7790. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227790