Anatomical and Phytochemical Characteristics of Different Parts of Hypericum scabrum L. Extracts, Essential Oils, and Their Antimicrobial Potential
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Extraction and Fractionation
4.3. Preparation of Ethnobotanical Use of H. scabrum
4.4. Essential Oil Extraction and Analysis
4.5. Determination of Total Phenolics
4.6. Antioxidant Capacity
4.7. Antimicrobial Activity
4.8. Anatomical Studies
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Used Parts | Root | Aerial Part | Flower | Fruit | Aerial Part with Flower | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amount (g) | Yield (%) | Amount (g) | Yield (%) | Amount (g) | Yield (%) | Amount (g) | Yield (%) | Amount (g) | Yield (%) | |
MeOH | 7.10 | 10.15 | 21.94 | 24.94 | 29.28 | 40.11 | 15.65 | 23.36 | 19.88 | 21.05 |
Hexane (g) | 0.41 | 0.59 | 1.83 | 2.09 | 2.92 | 4.00 | 3.02 | 4.51 | 1.03 | 2.99 |
Dichloromethane (g) | 0.67 | 0.96 | 1.63 | 1.85 | 2.60 | 3.55 | 2.38 | 3.55 | 1.56 | 1.70 |
Ethyl acetate (g) | 1.98 | 2.83 | 1.03 | 1.18 | 1.76 | 2.42 | 1.02 | 1.52 | 1.12 | 1.04 |
Butanol (g) | 1.71 | 2.44 | 4.27 | 4.85 | 3.22 | 4.42 | 1.30 | 1.94 | 3.92 | 4.78 |
Aqueous residue (g) | 1.40 | 2.01 | 8.14 | 9.25 | 12.89 | 17.66 | 4.37 | 6.51 | 6.56 | 7.01 |
Lyophilized Aqueous | 2.56 | 5.02 | 9.10 | 11.68 | 14.90 | 20.96 | 6.80 | 8.89 | 8.91 | 9.09 |
Used Parts | Plant Material (g) | Yield (% (v/w)) | Color |
---|---|---|---|
Root | 364 | 0.003 | Dark yellow |
Aerial part | 332 | 0.301 | Light yellow |
Flower | 340 | 0.588 | Light yellow |
Fruit | 154 | 1.299 | Light yellow |
RRI | Compound | Root % | Aerial Part % | Flower % | Fruit % | IM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1032 | α-Pinene | 1.4 | 17.5 | 55.6 | 85.2 | RRI, MS |
1035 | α-Thujene | 0.5 | 16.9 | 10.9 | 1.5 | RRI, MS |
1076 | Camphene | - | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | RRI, MS |
1100 | Undecane | 66.1 | 4.6 | - | - | RRI, MS |
1118 | β-Pinene | - | 2.0 | 4.1 | 4.4 | RRI, MS |
1132 | Sabinene | - | 4.2 | 3.2 | 0.4 | RRI, MS |
1174 | Myrcene | - | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.1 | RRI, MS |
1176 | α-Phellandrene | - | 0.7 | 0.4 | tr | RRI, MS |
1188 | α-Terpinene | tr | 5.5 | 3.1 | 0.4 | RRI, MS |
1203 | Limonene | 0.2 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | RRI, MS |
1218 | β-Phellandrene | - | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.2 | RRI, MS |
1244 | 2-Pentyl furan | 0.3 | - | - | MS | |
1246 | (Z)-β-Ocimene | - | tr | 0.1 | tr | MS |
1255 | γ-Terpinene | 0.9 | 17.4 | 7.7 | 1.4 | RRI, MS |
1266 | (E)-β-Ocimene | - | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.1 | MS |
1280 | p-Cymene | 0.6 | 5.7 | 2.4 | 0.8 | RRI, MS |
1290 | Terpinolene | - | 2.8 | 1.3 | 0.3 | RRI, MS |
1300 | Tridecane | 1.4 | - | - | - | RRI, MS |
1400 | Tetradecane | 0.2 | - | - | - | RRI, MS |
1492 | Cyclosativene | 1.6 | - | - | - | MS |
1497 | α-Copaene | 2.8 | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | MS |
1535 | β-Bourbonene | - | - | tr | 0.1 | MS |
1553 | Linalool | - | - | tr | - | RRI, MS |
1571 | trans-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol | - | 0.3 | tr | tr | MS |
1586 | Pinocarvone | - | - | - | tr | RRI, MS |
1589 | β-Ylangene | - | - | 0.2 | - | MS |
1597 | β-Copaene | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | MS |
1600 | Hexadecane | 0.4 | - | - | - | RRI, MS |
1611 | Terpinen-4-ol | 0.2 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 0.4 | RRI, MS |
1612 | β-Caryophyllene | tr | tr | tr | tr | RRI, MS |
1638 | cis-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol | - | 0.2 | 0.1 | tr | MS |
1648 | Myrtenal | - | - | - | 0.1 | MS |
1664 | Nonanol | 0.7 | - | - | - | MS |
1670 | trans-Pinocarveol | - | - | - | 0.1 | MS |
1683 | trans-Verbenol | - | - | - | 0.2 | MS |
1704 | γ-Muurolene | 2.6 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | MS |
1706 | α -Terpineol | - | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | RRI, MS |
1725 | Verbenone | - | - | - | 0.1 | MS |
1726 | Germacrene D | - | 4.3 | 0.6 | 0.1 | MS |
1740 | α-Muurolene | - | - | tr | - | MS |
1755 | Bicyclogermacrene | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.1 | - | MS |
1773 | δ-Cadinene | 2.3 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | MS |
1776 | γ-Cadinene | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.1 | MS |
1799 | Cadina-1,4-diene (=Cubenene) | - | - | tr | - | MS |
1804 | Myrtenol | - | - | - | tr | MS |
1807 | α-Cadinene | tr | 0.2 | tr | - | MS |
1827 | (E,E)-2,4-Decadienal | 0.3 | - | - | - | MS |
1845 | trans-Carveol | - | - | 0.1 | RRI, MS | |
1849 | Cuparene | 1.9 | - | - | - | MS |
1849 | Calamenene | 0.3 | 0.3 | tr | - | MS |
1864 | p-Cymen-8-ol | tr | tr | tr | MS | |
1868 | (E)-Geranyl acetone | 0.1 | - | - | - | MS |
1941 | α-Calacorene | 0.4 | 0.1 | tr | - | MS |
2144 | Spathulenol | - | 0.4 | 0.1 | tr | MS |
2187 | T-Cadinol | - | tr | tr | MS | |
2250 | α-Eudesmol | - | - | - | tr | MS |
2255 | α-Cadinol | - | 0.3 | tr | MS | |
2257 | β-Eudesmol | - | - | - | tr | MS |
2931 | Hexadecanoic acid | tr | - | - | - | RRI, MS |
Monoterpene Hydrocarbones | 3.6 | 78 | 94.2 | 97.9 | ||
Oxygenated Monoterpenes | 0.2 | 5.3 | 3.2 | 1.2 | ||
Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbones | 12 | 9.8 | 2.0 | 0.5 | ||
Oxygenated Sesquiterpenes | - | 0.7 | 0.1 | - | ||
Alkanes | 68.1 | 4.6 | - | - | ||
Fatty acid+esters | tr | - | - | - | ||
Others | 3.0 | - | - | |||
Total | 86.9 | 98.4 | 99.5 | 99.6 |
Used Parts | Root | Aerial Part | Flower | Fruit | Aerial Part with Flower |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MeOH | 73.551 ± 4.98 a | 79.335 ± 0.221 | 76.272 ±2.591 a | 51.713 ± 0.449 | 65.487 ± 0.473 a |
Hexane | 60.904 ± 0,37 | 76.664 ± 0.377 | 74.997 ± 0.147 | 52.105 ± 0.405 | 63.232 ± 0.368 |
Dichloromethane | 54.703 ± 1.338 a | 81.443 ± 0.225 a | 68.300 ± 0.147 a | 51.884 ± 0.297 | 58.526 ± 0.321 a |
EtOAc | 54.458 ± 0.112 a | 75.855 ± 0.225 | 60.193 ± 0.153 | 67.277 ± 0.258 | 77.767 ± 2.612 a |
BuOH | 56.345 ± 0.112 a | 73.47 ± 0.112 a | 63.674 ± 1.977 | 56.026 ± 0.074 | 73.894 ± 0.074 a |
Aqueous residue | 70.414 ± 0.634 a | 94.850 ± 0.074 a | 57.889 ± 0.779 | 10.708 ± 0.443 | 61.590 ± 0.612 |
Essential oil | 2.47 ± 0.112 | 26.909 ± 0.555 a | 10.070 ± 0.147 a | 4.997 ± 0.321 a | 32.198 ± 0.309 a |
Ethnobotanical use | 36,909 ± 0.512 a |
Tested Samples | Percent DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity (%) ± SD a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root | Aerial Part | Flower | Fruit | Aerial Part with Flower | |
MeOH | 85.21 + 4.21 | 88.34 + 4.32 | 87.95 + 5.12 | 68.75 + 2.56 | 82.67 + 4.53 |
Hexane | 75.95 + 3.14 | 86.75 + 3.21 | 85.69 + 4.54 | 69.68 + 2.34 | 80.27 + 3.56 |
Dichloromethane | 71.23 + 2.87 | 90.31 + 5.12 | 80.21 + 4.23 | 69.02 + 2.45 | 74.25 + 4.12 |
EtOAc | 70.98 + 2.98 | 87.21 + 3.45 | 79.87 + 3.09 | 79.89 + 3.02 | 86.57 + 3.84 |
BuOH | 72.87 + 3.05 | 84.56 + 2.14 | 83.26 + 3.75 | 75.25 + 2.87 | 85.87 + 3.84 |
Aqueous residue | 82.69 + 1.89 | 92.45 + 2.84 | 73.12 + 2.16 | 45.68 + 2.35 | 79.45 + 1.69 |
Essential oil | 21.25 + 1.45 | 50.89 + 2.12 | 43.12 + 2.45 | 25.31 + 1.34 | 62.28 + 1.72 |
Ethnobotanical use | 57.89 + 3.56 | ||||
Propyl gallate | 84.94 ± 0.73 | ||||
Rutin | 71.09 ± 2.04 |
Tested Samples | Microorganisms | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. coli ATCC 8739 (µg/mL) | S. aureus ATCC 6538 (µg/mL) | B. subtilis ATCC 19659 (µg/mL) | C. albicans ATCC 10231 (µg/mL) | C. tropicalis ATCC 750 (µg/mL) | ||
Root | MeOH | 625 | 312.5 | 156.25 | 156.25 | 156.25 |
Hexane | 625 | 312.5 | 156.25 | 156.25 | 156.25 | |
Dichloromethane | 2500 | 625 | 156.25 | 156.25 | 156.25 | |
EtOAc | 1250 | 2500 | 1250 | 1250 | 1250 | |
BuOH | 1250 | 2500 | 2500 | 2500 | 2500 | |
Aqueous residue | 1250 | 2500 | 2500 | 2500 | 2500 | |
Lyophilized aqueous | 2500 | >2500 | >2500 | 2500 | 2500 | |
Essential oil | >2500 | >2500 | >2500 | 2500 | 2500 | |
Aerial part | MeOH | 2500 | 312.5 | 312.5 | 2500 | 1250 |
Hexane | 2500 | 39.06 | 39.06 | 625 | 625 | |
Dichloromethane | 2500 | 312.5 | 156.25 | >2500 | 1250 | |
EtOAc | 2500 | 1250 | 1250 | 625 | 312.5 | |
BuOH | 2500 | >2500 | >2500 | 2500 | 1250 | |
Aqueous residue | >2500 | >2500 | >2500 | 5000 | 2500 | |
Lyophilized aqueous | >2500 | >2500 | >2500 | 2500 | 625 | |
Essential oil | 2500 | 2500 | 2500 | 1250 | 156.25 | |
Flower | MeOH | 2500 | 156.25 | 312.5 | 2500 | 312.5 |
Hexane | 2500 | 156.25 | 39.06 | 156.25 | 625 | |
Dichloromethane | 2500 | 312.5 | 312.5 | 625 | 156.25 | |
EtOAc | 625 | 312.5 | 312.5 | 312.5 | 156.25 | |
BuOH | >2500 | 312.5 | >2500 | 1250 | 312.5 | |
Aqueous residue | >2500 | 156.25 | >2500 | >5000 | 1250 | |
Lyophilized aqueous | >2500 | 312.5 | >2500 | >2500 | 625 | |
Essential oil | >2500 | >2500 | >2500 | 2500 | 312.5 | |
Fruit | MeOH | >2500 | >2500 | >2500 | 1250 | 625 |
Hexane | >2500 | 2500 | 2500 | 625 | 2500 | |
Dichloromethane | 2500 | 2500 | 2500 | 625 | 2500 | |
EtOAc | 2500 | 2500 | 2500 | 156.25 | 312.5 | |
BuOH | 1250 | 1250 | 1250 | 156.25 | 5000 | |
Aqueous residue | >2500 | 2500 | 2500 | 156.25 | >5000 | |
Lyophilized aqueous | >2500 | >2500 | >2500 | >2500 | >2500 | |
Essential oil | >2500 | >2500 | 2500 | 1250 | 2500 | |
Aerial part with flower | MeOH | 2500 | 39.06 | 78.12 | 312.5 | 625 |
Hexane | 2500 | 39.06 | 39.06 | 625 | 625 | |
Dichloromethane | 2500 | 1250 | 1250 | 625 | 625 | |
EtOAc | 1250 | 625 | 625 | 312.5 | 156.25 | |
BuOH | 2500 | 1250 | 2500 | 2500 | 1250 | |
Aqueous residue | >2500 | >2500 | >2500 | >5000 | 5000 | |
Lyophilized aqueous | 2500 | >2500 | 625 | 2500 | >2500 | |
Ethnobotanical use | >2500 | 2500 | 2500 | 2500 | 156.25 | |
Clarithromycin | 32 | 4 | 0.125 | - | - | |
Fluconazole | - | - | - | 0.25 | 0.5 | |
Cefuroxime | 32 | 32 | >32 | - | - | |
Terbinafine | - | - | - | 4 | 8 | |
Moxifloxacin | 0.25> | 0.25> | 0.25> | - | - |
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Ergin, K.N.; Karakaya, S.; Göger, G.; Sytar, O.; Demirci, B.; Duman, H. Anatomical and Phytochemical Characteristics of Different Parts of Hypericum scabrum L. Extracts, Essential Oils, and Their Antimicrobial Potential. Molecules 2022, 27, 1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041228
Ergin KN, Karakaya S, Göger G, Sytar O, Demirci B, Duman H. Anatomical and Phytochemical Characteristics of Different Parts of Hypericum scabrum L. Extracts, Essential Oils, and Their Antimicrobial Potential. Molecules. 2022; 27(4):1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041228
Chicago/Turabian StyleErgin, Kubra Nalkiran, Songul Karakaya, Gamze Göger, Oksana Sytar, Betul Demirci, and Hayri Duman. 2022. "Anatomical and Phytochemical Characteristics of Different Parts of Hypericum scabrum L. Extracts, Essential Oils, and Their Antimicrobial Potential" Molecules 27, no. 4: 1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041228