Characterization of Peanut Protein Hydrolysate and Structural Identification of Umami-Enhancing Peptides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Enzymatic Hydrolysis Characteristics of DPF
2.2. Taste Characteristics of DPH
2.3. Amino Acids Analysis
2.4. Molecular Weight Distribution of Peptides
2.5. FT-IR Spectroscopy
2.6. Ultrafiltration (UF) of DPH
2.7. Gel Filtration Chromatography Purification of Taste Peptides
2.8. Taste Peptide Identification by UPLC-MS/MS
2.9. Sensory Evaluation of Synthetic Peptides
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Preparation of DPF Hydrolysate (DPH)
3.3. Determination of Enzymatic Properties
3.3.1. Protein Recovery
3.3.2. Degree of Hydrolysis (DH)
3.3.3. The Yield of Peptide
3.4. Molecular Weight (MW) Distribution of Peptides
3.5. Amino Acids Analysis
3.6. FT-IR Spectroscopy
3.7. Isolation and Purification of Peptides
3.7.1. Ultrafiltration (UF)
3.7.2. Gel Filtration Chromatography
3.8. Identification of Peptides by UPLC-MS/MS
3.9. Peptide Synthesis
3.10. Taste Traits Analysis Using an Electronic Tongue
3.11. Sensory Profiling
3.12. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Species | AAs (g/100 g) | FAAs (g/100 g) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
DPH | DPF | DPH | DPF | |
Asp | 5.92 ± 0.40 b | 7.03 ± 0.16 a | 0.84 ± 0.00 a | 0.03 ± 0.00 b |
Glu | 10.42 ± 0.35 b | 12.51 ± 0.28 a | 1.81 ± 0.04 a | 0.20 ± 0.00 b |
Ser | 2.26 ± 0.35 a | 2.70 ± 0.23 a | 2.27 ± 0.11 a | 0.03 ± 0.00 b |
Arg | 5.97 ± 0.23 b | 7.28 ± 0.33 a | 3.77 ± 0.17 a | 0.07 ± 0.00 b |
Gly | 2.73 ± 0.21 a | 3.32 ± 0.25 a | 0.70 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 b |
Thr | 1.34 ± 0.06 a | 1.57 ± 0.02 a | 1.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 b |
Pro | 2.05 ± 0.41 a | 2.49 ± 0.17 a | 0.32 ± 0.00 a | 0.17 ± 0.00 b |
Ala | 1.97 ± 0.14 a | 2.37 ± 0.24 a | 1.14 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.00 b |
Val | 2.17 ± 0.10 a | 2.53 ± 0.23 a | 1.63 ± 0.04 a | 0.04 ± 0.00 b |
Met | 0.44 ± 0.00 a | 0.49 ± 0.00 a | 0.32 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 b |
Ile | 1.72 ± 0.14 a | 2.03 ± 0.08 a | 1.34 ± 0.06 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 b |
Leu | 3.17 ± 0.13 b | 3.92 ± 0.28 a | 2.47 ± 0.14 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 b |
Phe | 2.81 ± 0.10 a | 3.47 ± 0.42 a | 1.89 ± 0.14 a | 0.03 ± 0.00 b |
His | 1.13 ± 0.00 a | 1.39 ± 0.19 a | 0.69 ± 0.02 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 b |
Lys | 1.84 ± 0.08 a | 2.27 ± 0.25 a | 1.08 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 b |
Tyr | 1.95 ± 0.07 a | 2.12 ± 0.30 a | 1.75 ± 0.00 a | 0.15 ± 0.00 b |
Total | 47.89 ± 0.08 b | 57.51 ± 0.83 a | 23.30 ± 0.13 a | 0.85 ± 0.00 b |
α-Helix | β-Sheet | β-Turn | Random Coil | |
---|---|---|---|---|
DPF | 20.93 ± 2.00 a | 43.54 ± 2.56 b | 24.40 ± 1.62 a | 11.14 ± 1.53 a |
DPH | 16.24 ± 1.55 b | 52.02 ± 3.29 a | 23.61 ± 2.50 a | 8.13 ± 0.76 a |
Fraction | Without MSG-Salt | With MSG-Salt | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Taste Description | TD Value | Umami Enhancement | TD Value | |
MSG-salt | -- | -- | Umami | 7.50 ± 0.36 |
DPH | Strong umami, salty | 3.25 ± 0.29 | Strong umami | 9.00 ± 0.49 |
UF-I | Slight umami | 0.90 ± 0.00 | Not detected | -- |
UF-II | Slight umami | 1.23 ± 0.02 | Not detected | -- |
UF-III | Umami | 1.36 ± 0.02 | Not detected | -- |
UF-IV | Umami | 2.22 ± 0.17 | Strong Umami | 9.50 ± 0.66 |
UF-V | Strong umami | 4.87 ± 0.20 | Strong umami | 12.81 ± 0.54 |
GFC-I | Tasteless | -- | Not detected | -- |
GFC-II | Tasteless | -- | Not detected | -- |
GFC-III | Strong umami | 5.44 ± 0.34 | Strong Umami | 14.57 ± 0.82 |
Peptide | Scan | Score | Length | m/z | z | Mass |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADSYRLP | 6995 | 99 | 7 | 411.2096 | 2 | 820.4079 |
DAQRPF | 5396 | 97 | 6 | 367.1835 | 2 | 732.3555 |
DFRAP | 5639 | 99 | 5 | 303.1544 | 2 | 604.2969 |
DPLKY | 4887 | 99 | 5 | 318.1722 | 2 | 634.3326 |
DQFPR | 4274 | 99 | 5 | 331.6651 | 2 | 661.3184 |
DSRPF | 4986 | 98 | 5 | 311.1518 | 2 | 620.2918 |
DWRQERP | 4321 | 91 | 7 | 329.4971 | 3 | 985.473 |
EAFRVL | 8208 | 99 | 6 | 367.7119 | 2 | 733.4122 |
EFHNR | 1617 | 99 | 5 | 351.6681 | 2 | 701.3245 |
EWAGLTTN | 8189 | 90 | 8 | 446.2134 | 2 | 890.4134 |
KDNNPF | 5065 | 94 | 6 | 367.675 | 2 | 733.3395 |
LDAQRP | 2816 | 99 | 6 | 350.1914 | 2 | 698.3711 |
LDQFPR | 5904 | 99 | 6 | 388.207 | 2 | 774.4024 |
LDQFRP | 5497 | 97 | 6 | 388.2063 | 2 | 774.4024 |
NDFGR | 2762 | 98 | 5 | 304.6415 | 2 | 607.2714 |
NDNPFKF | 10,478 | 95 | 7 | 441.2111 | 2 | 880.4079 |
SDLYVR | 4539 | 99 | 6 | 376.6993 | 2 | 751.3864 |
VPPFDHQ | 6019 | 95 | 7 | 420.204 | 2 | 838.3973 |
VPQDFR | 4362 | 99 | 6 | 381.1999 | 2 | 760.3868 |
Synthetic Peptides | Without MSG-Salt | With MSG-Salt | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Taste Description | Threshold Value (mmol/L) | Umami Enhancement | Threshold Value (mmol/L) | |
ADSYRLP | Sour | -- | Strong umami | 0.107 ± 0.004 a |
DAQRPF | Tasteless | -- | Not detected | -- |
DFRAP | Tasteless | -- | Not detected | -- |
DPLKY | Sour | -- | Slight umami | 0.164 ± 0.008 d |
DQFPR | Tasteless | -- | Not detected | -- |
DSRPF | Tasteless | -- | Not detected | -- |
DWRQERP | Tasteless | -- | Not detected | -- |
EAFRVL | Sour, astringent | -- | Umami | 0.134 ± 0.004 bc |
EFHNR | Sour, astringent | -- | Umami | 0.148 ± 0.004 c |
EWAGLTTN | Sour | -- | Not detected | -- |
KDNNPF | Tasteless | -- | Not detected | -- |
LDAQRP | Sour, astringent | -- | Not detected | -- |
LDQFPR | Tasteless | -- | Not detected | -- |
LDQFRP | Sour | -- | Not detected | -- |
NDFGR | Tasteless | -- | Not detected | -- |
NDNPFKF | Sour, astringent | -- | Not detected | -- |
SDLYVR | Tasteless | -- | Strong umami | 0.132 ± 0.007 b |
VPPFDHQ | Tasteless | -- | Not detected | -- |
VPQDFR | Astringent | -- | Not detected | -- |
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Zhang, L.; Sun, X.; Lu, X.; Wei, S.; Sun, Q.; Jin, L.; Song, G.; You, J.; Li, F. Characterization of Peanut Protein Hydrolysate and Structural Identification of Umami-Enhancing Peptides. Molecules 2022, 27, 2853. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092853
Zhang L, Sun X, Lu X, Wei S, Sun Q, Jin L, Song G, You J, Li F. Characterization of Peanut Protein Hydrolysate and Structural Identification of Umami-Enhancing Peptides. Molecules. 2022; 27(9):2853. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092853
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Lixia, Xiaojing Sun, Xin Lu, Songli Wei, Qiang Sun, Lu Jin, Guohui Song, Jing You, and Fei Li. 2022. "Characterization of Peanut Protein Hydrolysate and Structural Identification of Umami-Enhancing Peptides" Molecules 27, no. 9: 2853. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092853