Influence of Oxygen Management on Color and Phenolics of Red Wines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Kinetics of Oxygen Consumption in Saturated Ws at Different Oxygen Levels
2.2. Effect of Oxygen Consumption on Phenol Composition and Color
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Grape Extracts (GEs)
3.2. Grape Extract Wines (Ws)
3.2.1. Saturation at Different Oxygen Levels
3.2.2. Oxygen Consumption Measurement through Kinetics and Kinetic Curve Data Processing
3.3. Chemical Analyses
3.3.1. Spectra, Color Parameters, and Total Phenols Index
3.3.2. Antioxidant Capacity
3.3.3. Analysis of Individual Anthocyanins
3.4. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(a) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saturation Level | Omax | Omin | ∆Omax_min | Oint | O90 | ∆O90_10 | Amax_min | AOmax_min |
W-A | ||||||||
Sat-1 | 125 ± 7.64 a | 106 ± 7.59 a | 18.9 ± 5.12 a | 115 ± 7.17 a | 123 ± 7.60 a | 14.8 ± 4.20 a | 52,544 ± 3208 a | 2430 ± 763 a |
Sat-2 | 170 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 6.08 a | 69.3 ± 6.08 ab | 135 ± 3.04 ab | 162 ± 0.97 a | 54.8 ± 4.57 ab | 73,727 ± 3333 a | 8488 ± 964 ab |
Sat-3 | 241 ± 12.9 b | 121 ± 14.0 a | 120 ± 12.7 b | 181 ± 11.9 bc | 227 ± 11.7 b | 94.0 ± 9.46 b | 108,585 ± 7047 b | 13,841 ± 2922 b |
Sat-4 | 296 ± 15.7 b | 113 ± 4.42 a | 183 ± 13.2 c | 205 ± 9.50 c | 276 ± 13.9 b | 144 ± 9.27 c | 129,133 ± 4683 b | 24,753 ± 1237 c |
W-B | ||||||||
Sat-1 | 123 ± 8.92 a | 101 ± 8.93 a | 16.5 ± 6.43 a | 112 ± 6.91 a | 120 ± 8.34 a | 12.8 ± 5.16 a | 87,881 ± 5116 a | 2111 ± 1171 a |
Sat-2 | 166 ± 0.00 ab | 105 ± 5.24 a | 61.3 ± 5.24 ab | 136 ± 2.62 ab | 160 ± 0.50 ab | 48.6 ± 4.06 ab | 93,639 ± 4316 ab | 8882 ± 1211 ab |
Sat-3 | 229 ± 22.0 bc | 111 ± 3.45 a | 118 ± 19.7 bc | 170 ± 12.3 bc | 215 ± 17.0 bc | 92.1 ± 12.5 bc | 117,120 ± 4988 bc | 18,030 ± 2315 bc |
Sat-4 | 277 ± 12.0 c | 109 ± 4.39 a | 169 ± 8.08 c | 193 ± 8.07 c | 260 ± 11.1 c | 134 ± 6.40 c | 129,846 ± 5545 c | 22,466 ± 1490 c |
W-C | ||||||||
Sat-1 | 126 ± 7.67 a | 116 ± 8.62 a | 10.1 ± 1.19 a | 121 ± 8.14 a | 125 ± 7.79 a | 7.70 ± 1.02 a | 43,575 ± 3335 a | 1004 ± 319 a |
Sat-2 | 166 ± 0.00 a | 119 ± 5.89 a | 47.1 ± 5.89 b | 142 ± 2.94 ab | 161 ± 0.56 a | 37.4 ± 4.66 b | 78,183 ± 2677 a | 4979 ± 1272 ab |
Sat-3 | 240 ± 12.8 b | 135 ± 14.8 a | 105 ± 2.07 c | 187 ± 13.8 bc | 228 ± 13.4 b | 82.7 ± 1.49 c | 130,410 ± 13,035 b | 12,003 ± 1541 b |
Sat-4 | 296 ± 7.81 c | 129 ± 5.90 a | 167 ± 5.56 d | 213 ± 6.34 c | 278 ± 8.53 b | 133 ± 5.45 d | 161,098 ± 8410 b | 22,971 ± 2900 c |
(b) | ||||||||
Saturation Level | A090_10 | tOmin | tO_90 | tR_min | Rmax | Rmedio | Vcons | Vcons10% |
W-A | ||||||||
Sat-1 | 1667 ± 411 a | 434 ± 34.4 a | 17.6 ± 4.46 b | 254 ± 97.6 a | 0.91 ± 0.26 a | 254 ± 138 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a |
Sat-2 | 5095 ± 703 ab | 639 ± 7.78 a | 4.19 ± 0.58 a | 19.3 ± 6.78 a | 19.3 ± 0.43 a | 19.3 ± 9.58 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 ab | 1.81 ± 0.47 a |
Sat-3 | 6808 ± 3511 ab | 620 ± 232 a | 0.16 ± 0.00 a | 2.39 ± 0.50 a | 90.2 ± 15.6 b | 2.39 ± 0.71 ab | 0.18 ± 0.03 b | 88.8 ± 15.3 b |
Sat-4 | 13,449 ± 1142 c | 906 ± 10.1 a | 12.3 ± 0.48 ab | 0.35 ± 0.29 a | 27.0 ± 9.52 a | 0.35 ± 0.40 b | 0.20 ± 0.01 b | 1.68 ± 0.38 a |
W-B | ||||||||
Sat-1 | 2486 ± 2081 a | 382 ± 103 a | 17.4 ± 5.54 a | 185 ± 114 a | 0.93 ± 0.15 a | 185 ± 161 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.03 a |
Sat-2 | 5520 ± 1021 ab | 727 ± 75.4 ab | 8.75 ± 2.26 a | 45.4 ± 33.0 a | 1.07 ± 0.14 a | 45.4 ± 46.7 ab | 0.09 ± 0.02 ab | 0.76 ± 0.21 a |
Sat-3 | 10,924 ± 1398 ab | 806 ± 59.8 ab | 11.1 ± 1.45 a | 1.19 ± 0.14 a | 20.0 ± 11.3 a | 1.19 ± 0.20 bc | 0.15 ± 0.03 bc | 1.04 ± 0.28 a |
Sat-4 | 13,029 ± 1554 b | 909 ± 58.1 b | 0.60 ± 0.15 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 a | 33.7 ± 7.59 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 c | 0.19 ± 0.01 c | 31.3 ± 10.6 b |
W-C | ||||||||
Sat-1 | 737 ± 306 a | 312 ± 95.1 a | 15.6 ± 4.47 b | 105 ± 37.5 a | 0.91 ± 0.26 a | 105 ± 53.1 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.03 a |
Sat-2 | 3061 ± 836 a | 520 ± 96.0 ab | 5.76 ± 1.30 ab | 112 ± 0.58 a | 1.21 ± 0.40 a | 112 ± 0.82 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 ab | 0.84 ± 0.10 a |
Sat-3 | 7253 ± 1089 ab | 736 ± 101 ab | 0.31 ± 0.16 a | 499 ± 93.9 b | 61.2 ± 11.3 b | 499 ± 133 ab | 0.14 ± 0.02 b | 22.3 ± 7.91 c |
Sat-4 | 13,731 ± 1825 b | 939 ± 121 b | 1.73 ± 0.00 a | 0.09 ± 0.00 a | 17.6 ± 4.21 a | 0.09 ± 0.00 b | 0.18 ± 0.03 b | 9.03 ± 2.84 b |
Omax | Omin | ∆Omax_min | Rmax | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W-A | W-B | W-C | W-A | W-B | W-C | W-A | W-B | W-C | W-A | W-B | W-C | |
Df-3-Gl (Df) | −0.947 *** | −0.895 ** | −0.732 * | −0.626 | −0.616 | −0.659 | −0.922 *** | −0.900 ** | −0.679 | −0.695 | −0.718 * | −0.681 |
Cy-3-Gl (Cn) | 0.382 | −0.492 | −0.840 ** | 0.272 | −0.503 | −0.538 | 0.361 | −0.471 | −0.822 * | 0.477 | −0.626 | −0.581 |
Pt-3-Gl (Pt) | 0.407 | −0.829 * | −0.787 * | 0.469 | −0.139 | −0.206 | 0.377 | −0.836 ** | −0.809 * | 0.426 | −0.752 * | −0.462 |
Pn-3-Gl (Pn) | −0.125 | −0.891 ** | −0.413 | 0.129 | −0.433 | −0.269 | −0.085 | −0.895 ** | −0.397 | −0.091 | −0.720 * | −0.338 |
Mv-3-Gl (Mv) | −0.932 *** | −0.800 * | −0.962 *** | −0.406 | −0.291 | −0.484 | −0.908 ** | −0.819 * | −0.950 *** | −0.553 | −0.582 | −0.595 |
% ABTS | −0.888 ** | −0.552 | −0.621 | −0.568 | −0.399 | −0.462 | −0.867 ** | −0.574 | −0.556 | −0.754 * | −0.323 | −0.666 |
% DPPH | −0.883 ** | −0.761 * | −0.102 | −0.539 | −0.538 | −0.313 | −0.853 ** | −0.786 * | −0.061 | −0.729 * | −0.536 | −0.225 |
TPI | 0.953 *** | 0.784 * | 0.330 | 0.498 | 0.483 | 0.280 | 0.932 *** | 0.791 * | 0.312 | 0.674 | 0.549 | 0.000 |
Color Intensity (CI) | 0.306 | −0.570 | −0.024 | 0.015 | −0.357 | 0.364 | 0.332 | −0.586 | −0.119 | 0.305 | −0.331 | 0.705 |
L* | −0.033 | 0.585 | −0.418 | 0.134 | 0.350 | −0.584 | −0.067 | 0.599 | −0.326 | −0.095 | 0.367 | −0.872 ** |
a* | 0.035 | 0.607 | −0.861 ** | 0.165 | 0.377 | −0.601 | 0.000 | 0.622 | −0.813 * | −0.048 | 0.397 | −0.765 * |
b* | −0.032 | 0.594 | −0.672 | 0.143 | 0.368 | −0.559 | −0.066 | 0.608 | −0.630 | −0.086 | 0.380 | −0.420 |
Cab* | 0.005 | 0.599 | −0.869 ** | 0.152 | 0.368 | −0.614 | −0.030 | 0.613 | −0.820 * | −0.067 | 0.387 | −0.753 * |
650 nm | −0.086 | −0.625 | 0.816 * | −0.193 | −0.341 | 0.628 | −0.050 | −0.638 | 0.757 * | 0.003 | −0.434 | 0.808 * |
630 nm | 0.113 | −0.566 | 0.718 * | −0.121 | −0.361 | 0.630 | 0.147 | −0.578 | 0.647 | 0.122 | −0.350 | 0.873 ** |
620 nm | 0.183 | −0.546 | 0.612 | −0.088 | −0.335 | 0.621 | 0.217 | −0.562 | 0.533 | 0.169 | −0.318 | 0.900 ** |
520 nm | 0.174 | −0.658 | −0.574 | −0.024 | −0.378 | −0.022 | 0.200 | −0.672 | −0.640 | 0.262 | −0.424 | 0.172 |
420 nm | 0.566 | −0.262 | 0.457 | 0.117 | −0.264 | 0.546 | 0.588 | −0.279 | 0.373 | 0.407 | −0.021 | 0.923 *** |
330 nm | 0.685 | 0.291 | 0.092 | 0.122 | −0.041 | 0.396 | 0.711 * | 0.285 | 0.012 | 0.374 | 0.468 | 0.854 ** |
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Carrasco-Quiroz, M.; Alamo-Sanza, M.d.; Martínez-Gil, A.M.; Sánchez-Gómez, R.; Martínez-Martínez, V.; Nevares, I. Influence of Oxygen Management on Color and Phenolics of Red Wines. Molecules 2023, 28, 459. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010459
Carrasco-Quiroz M, Alamo-Sanza Md, Martínez-Gil AM, Sánchez-Gómez R, Martínez-Martínez V, Nevares I. Influence of Oxygen Management on Color and Phenolics of Red Wines. Molecules. 2023; 28(1):459. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010459
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarrasco-Quiroz, Marioli, Maria del Alamo-Sanza, Ana María Martínez-Gil, Rosario Sánchez-Gómez, Víctor Martínez-Martínez, and Ignacio Nevares. 2023. "Influence of Oxygen Management on Color and Phenolics of Red Wines" Molecules 28, no. 1: 459. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010459