Degradation Efficiency and Mechanism of Tetracycline in Water by Activated Persulfate Using Biochar-Loaded Nano Zero-Valent Iron
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Analytical Testing and Micro-Characterization Methods
2.1.1. Analytical Test Methods
- (1)
- Detection of TC concentration
- (2)
- Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)
- (3)
- Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis
- (4)
- Free radical quenching method
2.1.2. Micro-Characterization Methods
- (1)
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
- (2)
- X-ray diffraction (XRD)
- (3)
- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)
- (4)
- Scanning electron microscope-energy scattering spectroscopy (SEM-EDS)
- (5)
- Specific surface area and porosity analyzer (BET)
2.2. Material Properties and Functional Characterization of Activated Systems
2.2.1. Characterization and Analysis of Microscopic Morphology and Characteristic Elements
2.2.2. Characterization and Analysis of Crystal Structure and Phase Composition
2.2.3. Characterization and Analysis of Specific Surface Area and Pore Properties
2.2.4. Chemical Composition and Functional Group Characterization and Analysis
2.3. Laws and Control Factors of TC Degradation in Water by BC-nZVI/PS System
2.3.1. Characterization of the Degradation of TC in Water by Reaction Systems of Different Classes of Activated Materials
2.3.2. Effect of Different Iron–Carbon Ratios on the Degradation of TC in Water
2.3.3. Effect of BC-nZVI Dosage on TC Degradation
2.3.4. Effect of Initial TC Concentration on Degradation
2.3.5. Effect of PS Concentration on TC Degradation
2.3.6. Effect of Different pH Values on TC Degradation
2.3.7. Effect of HCO3− on TC Degradation
2.3.8. Effect of Cl− on TC Degradation
2.3.9. Effect of SO42− on TC Degradation
2.3.10. Raw Water Test
2.4. Mechanism of TC Degradation in Water by BC-nZVI/PS and Analysis of Degradation Products
2.4.1. Free Radical Quenching Experiment
2.4.2. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Experiments
2.4.3. Reaction Mechanism Analysis of BC-nZVI/PS System
2.4.4. TC Degradation Pathway Analysis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Experimental Material
3.1.1. Experimental Water and Reagents
3.1.2. Laboratory Instruments
3.2. Experimental Methods
3.2.1. Conventional Water Quality Testing Methods
3.2.2. Experimental and Detection Methods for PS Activation Patterns
3.2.3. Evaluation Method of TC Degradation Effect
3.3. Preparation of Materials for Activation Systems
3.3.1. Biochar Modified Treatment
3.3.2. Preparation of Biochar-Loaded Nano Zero-Valent Iron
3.3.3. Preparation of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material Type | Specific Surface Area (m2/g) | Average Pore Size (m2/g) | Total Hole Capacity (m2/g) |
---|---|---|---|
BC | 36.419 | 5.7531 | 0.05356 |
nZVI | 43.928 | 23.8637 | 0.27467 |
BC-nZVI (new) | 32.9537 | 23.4526 | 0.118673 |
BC-nZVI (used) | 91.3207 | 12.8578 | 0.311817 |
No. | Fe:C | Activation Systems | TC Concentration (mM) | PS Concentration (mM) | Dosage of Activation Materials PS Concentration (mg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | / | blank group | 0.05 | 0 | 0 |
2 | / | BC | 0.05 | 0 | 10 |
3 | / | nZVI | 0.05 | 0 | 10 |
4 | / | PS | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0 |
5 | / | BC/PS | 0.05 | 0.25 | 10 |
6 | / | nZVI/PS | 0.05 | 0.25 | 10 |
7 | 1:1 | BC-nZVI/PS | 0.05 | 0.25 | 10 |
pH | TC Degradation Rate (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blank Group | TBA | MeOH | PBQ | His | |
3 | 97.03 | 73.76 | 35.69 | 88.95 | 87.48 |
5 | 94.22 | 65.64 | 32.36 | 86.87 | 87.4 |
7 | 91.51 | 45.38 | 31.87 | 80.63 | 79.24 |
9 | 42.11 | 22.33 | 20.26 | 39.39 | 36.69 |
Water Quality Indicators | Water Samples at Fine Grids | Water Samples at the Anaerobic Pond |
---|---|---|
Concentration/Value | Concentration/Value | |
COD (mg·L−1) | 207.08 | 99.56 |
NH4+-N (mg·L−1) | 46.36 | 34.93 |
TP (mg·L−1) | 5.56 | 13.66 |
TN (mg·L−1) | 38.498 | 30.697 |
pH | 7.23 | 7.20 |
Reagent | Molecular Formula | Purity | Manufacturer |
---|---|---|---|
Tetracycline hydrochloride | C22H24N2O8·HCl | 98% | Maclean’s (Toronto, ON, Canada) |
Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate | FeSO4·7H2O | AR | Tianjin Xinbute (Tianjin, China) |
Sodium Borohydride | NaBH4 | AR | Tianjin Xinbute |
Anhydrous ethanol | CH3CH2OH | AR | Tianjin Xintong (Tainjin, China) |
Polyethylene glycol (4000) | H(OCH2CH2)nOH | AR | Sinopharm Reagent (Shanghai, China) |
Sodium hydroxide | NaOH | AR | Aladdin (Los Angeles, CA, USA) |
Methanol solution | CH3OH | AR | Thermo Fisher (Waltham, MA, USA) |
Formic acid solution (0.1%) | HCOOH | AR | Thermo Fisher (Waltham, MA, USA) |
Potassium persulfate | K2S2O8 | - | Maclean’s (Toronto, ON, Canada) |
Biochar | - | - | - |
Instruments | Instrument Model | Manufacturer |
---|---|---|
Vacuum Glove Box | AGB-4B | TONGLONG (Changshu, China) |
Vacuum drying oven | DZF-6020A | Powerstar Technology (Shenzhen, China) |
Electric Stirrer | LC-ES-60SH | Li-Chen Technology (Shanghai, China) |
Water Bath Oscillator | SHZ-92A | Shaying Scientific Instrument (Shanghai, China) |
Magnetic Stirrer | 90-2 | Changzhou Jintan Kexing Instrument (Changzhou, China) |
Electronic Balance | BSA223S | Jena (Shanghai, China) |
Numerical control ultrasonic cleaner | KQ3200DE | Linshang Technology (Shenzhen, China) |
Constant temperature water bath | SHHW21.600ALL | Tianjin Guanze (Tianjin, China) |
Negative pressure vacuum pump | SCJ-10 | Changchun Jida-Swan (Changchun, China) |
pH meter | PHS-3E | Leimagnet (Shanghai, China) |
Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry | Thermo Scientific TSQ Fortis Plus | Thermo Fisher (Waltham, MA, USA) |
LC–MS | Agilent1260 | Agilent (Santa Clara, CA, USA) |
Indicator | Measurement Methodology |
---|---|
NH4+-N | Nano Reagent Spectrophotometry |
TP | Ammonium Molybdate Spectrophotometry |
TN | Alkaline Potassium Persulfate Elimination UV Spectrophotometry |
COD | Rapid Elimination Method |
pH | Portable pH meter |
Iron–Carbon Mass Ratio | BC (g) | FeSO4 (g) |
---|---|---|
2:1 | 0.5 | 5 |
1:1 | 1 | 5 |
1:2 | 2 | 5 |
1:4 | 4 | 5 |
1:6 | 6 | 5 |
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Yan, B.; Li, X.; Wang, X.; Yang, P.; Lu, H.; Zhang, X. Degradation Efficiency and Mechanism of Tetracycline in Water by Activated Persulfate Using Biochar-Loaded Nano Zero-Valent Iron. Molecules 2024, 29, 3875. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163875
Yan B, Li X, Wang X, Yang P, Lu H, Zhang X. Degradation Efficiency and Mechanism of Tetracycline in Water by Activated Persulfate Using Biochar-Loaded Nano Zero-Valent Iron. Molecules. 2024; 29(16):3875. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163875
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Bojiao, Xueqi Li, Xiaoyan Wang, Ping Yang, Hai Lu, and Xiaoyu Zhang. 2024. "Degradation Efficiency and Mechanism of Tetracycline in Water by Activated Persulfate Using Biochar-Loaded Nano Zero-Valent Iron" Molecules 29, no. 16: 3875. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163875