The Chemical Residues in Secondary Beekeeping Products of Environmental Origin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Secondary Beekeeping Products
2.1. Bee Pollen
2.2. Bee Bread
2.3. Propolis
3. Pesticide Residues
4. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category of Matrix | Origin/ Notifying Country | Type of Hazard Analytical Result/Max. | Type of Notification | Measures Taken |
---|---|---|---|---|
Other food product/ mixed | France/Switzerland | Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in pollen 3300 µg/kg/500 µg/kg | Information notification for follow-up | Recall from consumer |
Other food product/ mixed | Spain/ Belgium | Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in pollen 1430 µg/kg/500 µg/kg | Alert notification | Withdrawal from the market Informing recipients Recall from consumer |
Other food product/mixed | Spain/ Belgium | Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in pollen 1070 µg/kg/500 µg/kg | Alert notification | Informing recipients Recall from consumer |
Herbs and spices | Albania/Croatia | Metobromuron in Chamomille pollen No data | Border rejection notification | Re-dispatch |
Other food product/mixed | Poland/ Poland | Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in pollen 1187 ± 301 µg/kg/500 µg/kg | Alert notification | Public warning—press release |
Feed materials | Spain/Netherlands | Matrine, Amitraz and Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in organic bee feed Matrine 0.097 mg/kg/0.010 mg/kg Amitraz 0.042 mg/kg/0.010 mg/kg Pyrrolizidine alkaloids 880 µg/kg/500 µg/kg | Information notification for follow-up | Informing consignor Detained by operator |
Category of Matrix | Origin/ Notifying Country | Type of Hazard Analytical Result/Max. | Type of Notification | Measures Taken |
---|---|---|---|---|
Honey and royal jelly | China/ Germany | Chloramphenicol in propolis extract 0.96 µg/kg/na 1 | Information Notification for attention | Withdrawal from the market |
Dietetic foods, food supplements and fortified foods | UK/ Portugal | Composite products (Gelatine capsules) Hazard not defined | Border rejection notification | Product (to be) redispatched or destroyed |
Dietetic foods, food supplements and fortified foods | Turkey/Germany | Missing warning notice for Propolis throat spray with honey Labelling—insufficient— labelling absent/ incomplete/incorrect | Information Notification for follow-up | Detained by operator Removal of online offer Informing recipient(s) |
Pesticide Used as VMPs | Active Substance | Possible Drug Form |
---|---|---|
Synthetic acaricides | ||
Pyrethroids | Tau-fluvalinate | Beehive strips, beehive solution, concentrate for nebulizer solution |
Fluvalinate | ||
Flumethrine | ||
Organophosphorous compounds | Coumaphos | Tablets, concentrate for cutaneous solution, beehive strips, concentrate for dip emulsion |
Formamidines | Amitraz | Solution for beehive strip, beehive strip, bee-smoke stick, cutaneous solution, beehive solution |
Complex VMPs | Tau-fluvalinate/Amitraz | Solution for beehive strip, |
Natural acaricides | ||
Organic acids | Sipelghape (formic acid) | Nebuliser suspension, in-hive use solution, cutaneous solution, beehive-strip, nebulization solution, oral solution, beehive solution, powder for oral solution, powder and solution for beehive dispersion, cutaneous spray, |
Sipelgaphe iodine | ||
Oxalic acid | ||
Oxalic acid dihydrate | ||
Oxalic acid/Sipelghape | ||
Thymol and thymol-based | Thymol | Beehive gel, beehive strip, inhalation vapour tablet |
Cineole | ||
Camphor racemic | ||
Levomenthol | ||
Eucalyptus oil | ||
Natural menthol | ||
Peppermint | ||
D-camphor (1R, 2S, 5R)-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-cyclohexanol |
Legal Definition of Secondary Beekeeping Products | Pesticide Residue/s | MRLs |
---|---|---|
Pollen | Dimethomorph (sum of isomers), Clodinafop and its isomers and their salts, expressed as clodinafop, Clomazone, Metconazole (sum of isomers), Prosulfocarb, Beflubutamid, Fenpropidin (sum of fenpropidin and its salts, expressed as fenpropidin), Formetanate (sum of formetanate and its salts expressed as formetanate hydrochloride), Tebuconazole, Fludioxonil, Chlorotoluron, Trinexapac (sum of trinexapac (acid) and its salts, expressed as trinexapac, Propamocarb (sum of propamocarb and its salts, expressed as propamocarb), Benthiavalicarb [Benthiavalicarb-isopropyl (KIF230 R-L) and its enantiomer (KIF-230 SD) and its diastereomers (KIF-230 S-L and KIF230 R-D), expressed as benthiavalicarb-isopropyl], Forchlorfenuron, Nicosulfuron, Dicloran, Dinocap (sum of dinocap isomers and their corresponding phenols expressed as dinocap), Benfluralin, Cyprodinil, Metaldehyde, Bifenox, Diflufenican, Flutolanil, Spinosad (spinosad, sum of spinosyn A and spinosyn D), Isopyrazam, Imazapic, Isoprothiolane, Saflufenacil (sum of saflufenacil, M800H11 and M800H35, expressed as saflufenacil), Imazapyr, Dichlobenil, Tolylfluanid (sum of tolylfluanid and dimethylaminosulfotoluidide expressed as tolylfluanid), Trifluralin, Vinclozolin, Cyclanilide, Diniconazole (sum of isomers), Butralin, Quinoclamine, Flusilazole, Procymidone, Propisochlor, Propanil, 1,3-Dichloropropene, 2-naphthyloxyacetic acid, Acetochlor, Chloropicrin, Flurprimidole, 2,4,5-T (sum of 2,4,5-T, its salts and esters, expressed as 2,4,5-T), Barban, Bromophos-ethyl, Camphechlor (Toxaphene), Chlorbufam, Chloroxuron, Chlozolinate, Di-allate (sum of isomers), Dinoseb (sum of dinoseb, its salts, dinoseb-acetate and binapacryl, expressed as dinoseb), Dinoterb (sum of dinoterb, its salts and esters, expressed as dinoterb), Dioxathion (sum of isomers), DNOC, Ethylene oxide (sum of ethylene oxide and 2-chloro-ethanol expressed as ethylene oxide), Fentin (fentin including its salts, expressed as triphenyltin cation), Flucycloxuron, Flucythrinate [flucythrinate including other mixtures of constituent isomers (sum of isomers)], Formothion, Mecarbam, Methacrifos, Monolinuron, Propham, Pyrazophos, Quinalphos, Resmethrin [resmethrin including other mixtures of consituent isomers (sum of isomers)], Tecnazene | 0.05 1 mg/kg |
Pollen | Metazachlor (sum of metabolites 479M04, 479M08 and 479M16, expressed as metazachlor) | 0.08 mg/kg |
Pollen | Anthraquinone | 0.02 1 mg/kg |
Pollen | Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (mixture of alkyl-quaternary ammonium salts with alkyl chain lengths of C8, C10 and C12) | to be reviewed by 22 February 2030 |
Pollen | Benzalkonium chloride (mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides with alkyl chain lengths of C8, C10, C12, C14, C16 and C18) | to be reviewed by 22 February 2030 |
Pollen (including pollen based food supplements and pollen products) | Pyrrolizidine alkaloids the maximum level: - refers to the lower bound sum of 21 pyrrolizidine alkaloids - applies to the food supplements as placed on the market | 500 μg/kg |
Propolis | Benzo(a) pyrene | 10.0 μg/kg |
Propolis | Sum of PAHs: benzo(a) pyrene, benz(a) anthracene, benzo(b) fluoranthene and chrysene | 50.0 μg/kg |
Other apiculture products | Dimoxystrobin, Metrafenone, Amidosulfuron, Halauxifen-methyl [sum of halauxifen-methyl and X11393729 (halauxifen), expressed as halauxifenmethyl], Flumetralin, Mandestrobin, Dichlorprop [sum of dichlorprop (including dichlorpropP), its salts, esters and conjugates, expressed as dichlorprop], Haloxyfop [sum of haloxyfop, its esters, salts and conjugates expressed as haloxyfop (sum of the R- and S-isomers at any ratio)], Diethofencarb, Flonicamid (sum of flonicamid, TFNA and TFNG expressed as flonicamid), Flutriafol, Pirimicarb, Prothioconazole: prothioconazole-desthio (sum of isomers), Teflubenzuron, Clothianidin, Thiamethoxam, Tolclofosmethyl, Benzovindiflupyr, Dodine, Glufosinate (sum of glufosinate isomers, its salts and its metabolites 3-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl] propionic acid (MPP) and N-acetylglufosinate (NAG), expressed as glufosinate), Fluazifop-P (sum of all the constituent isomers of fluazifop, its esters and its conjugates, expressed as fluazifop), Fuberidazole, Fluoxastrobin (sum of fluoxastrobin and its Z-isomer), Cyantraniliprole, Isofetamid, Sulfoxaflor (sum of isomers), Cymoxanil, Phosphane and phosphide salts [sum of phosphane and phosphane generators (relevant phosphide salts), determined and expressed as phosphane], Aclonifen, Fluazinam, Sulcotrione, Triflusulfuron (6-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (INM7222), Oxathiapiprolin, Fenpyroximate, Triadimenol (any ratio of constituent isomers), Tebufenpyrad, Acrinathrin, Propargite, Bensulfuron-methyl, Dimethachlor, Lufenuron (any ratio of constituent isomers), Triclopyr, Fenpicoxamid, Penoxsulam, Etofenprox, Paclobutrazol (sum of constituent isomers), Bromuconazole (sum of diastereoisomers), Fenpyrazamine, Pyridaben, Mefentrifluconazole, Flutianil, Florpyrauxifen-benzyl, Fenoxycarb, Quizalofop [sum of quizalofop, its salts, its esters (including propaquizafop) and its conjugates, expressed as quizalofop (any ratio of constituent isomers)], Tebufenozide, Mandipropamid (any ratio of constituent isomers), Profoxydim, Cyflufenamid [sum of cyflufenamid (Z-isomer) and its E-isomer, expressed as cyflufenamid], Fenbuconazole (sum of constituent enantiomers), Fluquinconazole, Tembotrione [sum of parent tembotrione (AE 0172747) and its metabolite M5 (4,6-dihydroxy tembotrione), expressed as tembotrione], Napropamide (sum of isomers), Sintofen, Chromafenozide, Fluometuron, Pencycuron (sum of pencycuron and pencycuronPB-amine, expressed as pencycuron), Sedaxane (sum of isomers), Fluvalinate (sum of isomers) resulting from the use of tau-fluvalinate, Bupirimate, Ethirimol, Pyriofenone, Flufenoxuron, Phosalone, Fluopicolide, Proquinazid, Pyridalyl, Sum of diclofopmethyl, diclofop acid and its salts, expressed as diclofop-methyl (sum of isomers), Fluopyram, Ipconazole, Terbuthylazine, Fluxapyroxad, Hymexazol, Metamitron, Penflufen (sum of isomers), Difluoroacetic acid (DFA), Flupyradifurone, Bixafen, Fenazaquin, Spinetoram (sum of spinetoram-J and spinetoram-L), Tefluthrin [tefluthrin including other mixtures of constituent isomers (sum of isomers)], Thiencarbazone-methyl, 6-Benzyladenine, Aminopyralid (sum of aminopyralid, its salts and its conjugates, expressed as aminopyralid), Amisulbrom, Flubendiamide, Meptyldinocap (sum of meptyldinocap and meptyldinocap phenol (2,4-DNMHP), expressed as meptyldinocap), Metaflumizone (sum of E- and Z-isomers), Imidacloprid, Methylisothiocyanate (resulting from the use of dazomet or metam), Hexythiazox (any ratio of constituent isomers), Oxyfluorfen, Pyroxsulam, Quinmerac (sum of quinmerac and its metabolites BH 518-2 and BH 518-4 expressed as quinmerac), Sulfuryl fluoride, Acequinocyl, Chlorantraniliprole, Emamectin B1a and its salts, expressed as emamectin B1a (free base), 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene, 8-hydroxyquinoline (sum of 8-hydroxyquinoline and its salts, expressed as 8-hydroxyquinoline), Sum of M4 and M6 (both free and conjugated), expressed as pinoxaden, Valifenalate, 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (PAM), Cycloxydim including degradation and reaction products which can be determined as 3-(3-thianyl) glutaric acid Sdioxide (BH 517-TGSO2) and/or 3-hydroxy-3-(3-thianyl)glutaric acid S-dioxide (BH 517-5-OHTGSO2) or derivatives thereof, calculated in total as cycloxydim, Cyflumetofen (sum of isomers), Penthiopyrad, Sum of metobromuron and 4-bromophenylurea, expressed as metobromuron, Isoxaben, Tetraconazole (sum of constituent isomers), Fipronil (sum fipronil (+) sulfone metabolite (MB46136) expressed as fipronil), Pyriproxyfen, Bicyclopyrone (sum of bicyclopyrone and its structurally related metabolites determined as the sum of the common moieties 2-(2-methoxyethoxymethyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (SYN503780) and (2-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (CSCD686480), expressed as bicyclopyrone), Triflumezopyrim, Chlormequat (sum of chlormequat and its salts, expressed as chlormequat-chloride), Chlorate, Oxadiargyl, Guazatine (guazatine acetate, sum of components), Atrazine, Tritosulfuron, Thiodicarb, Tricyclazole, Cinidon-ethyl, Triadimefon, Bitertanol (sum of isomers), Cyclaniliprole, Iprodione, Linuron, Fenbutatin oxide, Buprofezin, Diflubenzuron, Ethoxysulfuron, Ioxynil (sum of ioxynil and its salts, expressed as ioxynil), Molinate, Picoxystrobin, Amitrole, Flupyrsulfuronmethyl, Imazosulfuron, Isoproturon, Orthosulfamuron, Triasulfuron, Oxadiazon, Chlorothalonil, Ethoprophos, Fenamidone, Methiocarb (sum of methiocarb and methiocarb sulfoxide and sulfone, expressed as methiocarb), Propiconazole (sum of isomers), Dithiocarbamates (dithiocarbamates expressed as CS2, including maneb, mancozeb, metiram, propineb, thiram and ziram), Myclobutanyl, Pymetrozine, Propineb and its reaction products that are cleaved to propane-1,2-diamine (PDA), expressed as PDA, Propoxur, Thiram (expressed as thiram), Bromoxynil and its salts, expressed as bromoxynil, Chlorsulfuron, Epoxiconazole, Fenamiphos (sum of fenamiphos and its sulphoxide and sulphone expressed as fenamiphos), Triflumizole: Triflumizole and metabolite FM-6-1(N-(4-chloro-2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-n-propoxyacetamidine), expressed as Triflumizole, Phosmet, Novaluron (sum of constituent isomers), Bromopropylate, Chloridazon (sum of chloridazon and chloridazon-desphenyl, expressed as chloridazon), Imazaquin, Tralkoxydim (sum of the constituent isomers of tralkoxydim), Denatonium benzoate (sum of denatonium and its salts, expressed as denatonium benzoate), Etoxazole, Carbetamide (sum of carbetamide and its S isomer), Carboxin [carboxin plus its metabolites carboxin sulfoxide and oxycarboxin (carboxin sulfone), expressed as carboxin], Triflumuron, Oxamyl, Bispyribac (sum of bispyribac, its salts and its esters, expressed as bispyribac), Metosulam, Oryzalin, Oxasulfuron, Triazoxide | 0.05 1 mg/kg |
Other apiculture products | Boscalid | 0.15 mg/kg |
Other apiculture products | Coumaphos Mercury compounds (sum of mercury compounds expressed as mercury) | 0.01 mg/kg |
Other apiculture products | Sodium 5-nitroguaiacolate, sodium o-nitrophenolate and sodium p-nitrophenolate (sum of sodium 5-nitroguaiacolate, sodium o-nitrophenolate and sodium p-nitrophenolate, expressed as sodium 5-nitroguaiacolate) | 0.15 1 mg/kg |
Other apiculture products | Spirotetramat and spirotetramat-enol (sum of), expressed as spirotetramat | 0.5 mg/kg |
Other apiculture products | Ametoctradin | 5 mg/kg |
Other apiculture products | Fluoride ion | 0.5 1 mg/kg |
Other apiculture products | 2-amino-4-methoxy-6-(trifluormethyl)-1,3,5-triazine (AMTT), resulting from the use of tritosulfuron Tepraloxydim [sum of tepraloxydim and its metabolites that can be hydrolysed either to the moiety 3-(tetrahydropyran-4-yl)-glutaric acid or to the moiety 3-hydroxy-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-glutaric acid, expressed as tepraloxydim] Topramezone (BAS 670H) | 0.1 1 mg/kg |
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Wojtacka, J. The Chemical Residues in Secondary Beekeeping Products of Environmental Origin. Molecules 2024, 29, 3968. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163968
Wojtacka J. The Chemical Residues in Secondary Beekeeping Products of Environmental Origin. Molecules. 2024; 29(16):3968. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163968
Chicago/Turabian StyleWojtacka, Joanna. 2024. "The Chemical Residues in Secondary Beekeeping Products of Environmental Origin" Molecules 29, no. 16: 3968. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163968