Utilizing Morphological and Physiological Parameters of Lemna minor for Assessing Tetracyclines’ Removal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of TCs on the Ir and Iy of Common Duckweed
2.2. Fresh Mass and Dry Matter Content
2.3. Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, Phaeophytinization, and Fluorescence
2.4. Antibiotic Biosorption—Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Biosorbent
4.2. Chemical Adsorbates
4.3. Lemna Test
4.4. Chlorophyll, Total Carotenoid Content, and Phaeophytinization Quotient
4.5. Chlorophyll Fluorescence
4.6. Antibiotic Biosorption
4.6.1. Spectrophotometric Measurements
4.6.2. Biosorption Measurements
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
TCs | tetracyclines |
TC | tetracycline |
MIN | minocycline |
FM | fresh mass |
DM | dry matter content |
DW | dry weight |
Ir | percent inhibition of growth rate |
Iy | percent reduction in yield |
Chl a | chlorophyll a |
Chl b | chlorophyll b |
TCC | total carotenoid content |
PQ | phaeophytinization quotient |
Fv/Fm | maximum quantum efficiency |
ECx | effective concentration associated with x% response (20% and 50%) |
Bs | antibiotic biosorption |
Appendix A
Feature | Tetracycline Hydrochloride, mg × L−1 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.00 | 0.30 | 0.60 | 1.20 | 2.40 | 4.80 | 9.66 | 19.20 | |
±SD for Percent inhibition of growth rate (Ir) | - | 7.07 | 14.35 | 20.26 | 17.68 | 20.52 | 11.68 | 15.18 |
±SD for Percent inhibition in yield (Iy) | - | 12.42 | 14.81 | 20.32 | 11.56 | 18.81 | 20.66 | 26.86 |
±SD for Fresh mass (FM) | 4.74 | 18.52 | 1.20 | 11.32 | 4.41 | 6.15 | 6.71 | 8.72 |
±SD for Dry matter content (DM) | 1.48 | 1.76 | 1.75 | 1.85 | 2.27 | 2.12 | 1.40 | 1.82 |
±SD for Chlorophyll a content (Chl a) | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
±SD for Chlorophyll b content (Chl b) | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
±SD for Total carotenoid content (TCC) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
±SD for Phaeophytinization quotient (PQ) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
±SD for Maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
±SD for Antibiotic biosorption (Bs) | - | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.19 | 0.66 | 0.85 |
Feature | Minocycline hydrochloride, mg × L−1 | |||||||
0.00 | 0.30 | 0.60 | 1.20 | 2.40 | 4.80 | 9.66 | 19.20 | |
±SD for Percent inhibition of growth rate (Ir) | - | 12.63 | 8.45 | 17.77 | 6.91 | 11.42 | 10.31 | 20.62 |
±SD for Percent inhibition in yield (Iy) | - | 12.06 | 9.14 | 16.12 | 11.56 | 21.43 | 20.66 | 41.32 |
±SD for Fresh mass (FM) | 4.74 | 19.78 | 4.41 | 16.00 | 4.74 | 30.30 | 6.86 | 8.91 |
±SD for Dry matter content (DM) | 6.35 | 7.20 | 7.23 | 7.36 | 7.55 | 7.76 | 7.65 | 9.94 |
±SD for Chlorophyll a content (Chl a) | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
±SD for Chlorophyll b content (Chl b) | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
±SD for Total carotenoid content (TCC) | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
±SD for Phaeophytinization quotient (PQ) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
±SD for Maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
±SD for Antibiotic biosorption (Bs) | - | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 1.51 | 0.76 | 0.98 | 0.00 |
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SoV | Ir | Iy | FM | DM | Chl a | Chl b | TCC | PQ | Fv/Fm | Bs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F-value | ||||||||||
Intercept | 107.78 * | 13,485 * | 62,396.31 * | 12,574.18 * | 33,592.27 * | 37,794.55 * | 39,283.75 * | 12,559,803 * | 108,103.88 * | 1856.19 * |
Antibiotic (A) | 1.98 | 2.89 | 44.16 * | 10.39 * | 32.09 * | 35.02 * | 28.87 * | 7.16 * | 19.38 * | 164.58 * |
Concentration (C) | 12.87 * | 15.49 * | 29.14 * | 3.07 * | 58.01 * | 56.98 * | 52.69 * | 8.04 * | 11.51 * | 279.28 * |
A × C | 0.56 | 0.42 | 3.04 * | 0.81 | 6.13 * | 8.85 * | 5.65 * | 7.17 * | 1.23 | 54.77 * |
Antibiotic | Parameter | Effective Concentration, mg × L−1 | |
---|---|---|---|
EC20 | EC50 | ||
TC | Ir | 0.73 | 5.69 |
Iy | 0.65 | 1.22 | |
Mean Ir and Iy | 0.69 | 3.46 | |
FM | 2.41 | - | |
DM | 15.43 | - | |
Chl a | 0.67 | - | |
Chl b | 0.63 | - | |
TCC | 15.78 | - | |
PQ | - | - | |
Fv/Fm | 16.18 | - | |
MIN | Ir | 0.26 | 3.45 |
Iy | 0.17 | 2.14 | |
Mean Ir and Iy | 0.22 | 2.78 | |
FM | 11.43 | - | |
DM | 4.18 | - | |
Chl a | 0.60 | 12.83 | |
Chl b | 0.57 | 14.10 | |
TCC | 2.43 | 18.15 | |
PQ | - | - | |
Fv/Fm | 13.89 | - |
Chemical Compound | Structural Formula | Empirical Formula | CAS Number | Molecular Weight [g × mol−1] | Form/Color |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) | C22H24N2O8 · HCl | 64-75-5 | 480.90 | powder/ yellow | |
Minocycline hydrochloride (MIN) | C23H27N3O7 · HCl | 13614-98-7 | 493.94 | powder/ yellow |
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Sikorski, Ł.; Bęś, A.; Warmiński, K.; Truszkowski, W.; Kowal, P. Utilizing Morphological and Physiological Parameters of Lemna minor for Assessing Tetracyclines’ Removal. Molecules 2024, 29, 3971. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163971
Sikorski Ł, Bęś A, Warmiński K, Truszkowski W, Kowal P. Utilizing Morphological and Physiological Parameters of Lemna minor for Assessing Tetracyclines’ Removal. Molecules. 2024; 29(16):3971. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163971
Chicago/Turabian StyleSikorski, Łukasz, Agnieszka Bęś, Kazimierz Warmiński, Wojciech Truszkowski, and Przemysław Kowal. 2024. "Utilizing Morphological and Physiological Parameters of Lemna minor for Assessing Tetracyclines’ Removal" Molecules 29, no. 16: 3971. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163971