Phytochemical Investigations, Antioxidant and Insecticidal Properties of Essential Oil and Extracts from the Aerial Parts of Pelargonium graveolens from Morocco
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Phytochemical Investigations
2.1.1. Determination of Total Phenolic Content
2.1.2. Identification of Phenolic Compounds by HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS
Peak N. | Compound | tR (min) | UV max (nm) | [M − H]− | Aqueous Extract | Ethanolic Extract | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Gallic acid | 2.91 | 270 | 169 | 0.60 ± 0.000 | - | Std. |
2 | Caffeoylglucaric acid | 5.74 | 326 | 371, 179 | 3.39 ± 0.011 | - | [37] |
3 | Unknown | 6.32 | 279 | 395, 197 | X | - | - |
4 | Caffeoyl glucuronide | 7.35 | 288, 312 | 355 | 2.09 ± 0.044 | - | - |
5 | Caftaric acid | 7.94 | 325 | 311, 179 | 1.13 ± 0.035 | - | [38] |
6 | Feruloylglucaric acid | 9.06 | 325 | 385, 193 | 0.72 ± 0.011 | - | - |
7 | Sinapoylglucose | 9.36 | 281, 322 | 385, 223 | 0.30 ± 0.010 | - | - |
8 | Caffeoylglucose | 9.77 | 323 | 341, 179 | 0.30 ± 0.003 | - | - |
9 | Unknown | 9.90 | 312 | 293 | X | X | - |
10 | Caffeoylquinic acid | 10.80 | 324 | 353, 191, 179 | 1.11 ± 0.002 | 0.23 ± 0.016 | Std. |
11 | Caffeic acid | 10.96 | 322 | 179 | 0.92 ± 0.012 | - | Std. |
12 | Unknown | 11.01 | 282 | 325 | - | X | - |
13 | Caffeoylhydroxycitric acid | 11.14 | 312 | 369 | 0.48 ± 0.003 | - | - |
14 | Myricetin hexoside | 22.40 | 260 sh, 354 | 479, 317 | - | 1.16 ± 0.000 | [37] |
15 | Myricetin rhamnosyl-hexoside | 23.42 | 262 sh, 353 | 625, 479, 317 | 1.06 ± 0.004 | 1.90 ± 0.022 | [37] |
16 | Quercetin hexuronide | 24.38 | 276, 343 | 477, 301 | 0.37 ± 0.011 | - | [37] |
17 | Quercetin hexosyl-Pentoside | 25.26 | 255, 353 | 595, 463, 301 | 4.36 ± 0.006 | 4.41 ± 0.056 | [37] |
18 | Myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside | 27.24 | 263, 348 | 463, 317 | 0.96 ± 0.006 | 1.49 ± 0.003 | [35] |
19 | Quercetin hexosyl-rhamnoside | 28.23 | 254, 353 | 609, 463, 301 | 4.44 ± 0.004 | 9.09 ± 0.049 | [37] |
20 | Quercetin hexosyl-rhamnoside | 29.53 | 256, 352 | 609, 463, 301 | 1.34 ± 0.041 | 8.63 ± 0.083 | [37] |
21 | Quercetin hexoside | 29.68 | 254, 352 | 463, 301 | 2.63 ± 0.034 | - | [37] |
22 | Kaempferol hexuronide | 30.34 | 261, 347 | 461, 285 | 2.84 ± 0.010 | - | - |
23 | Kaempferol hexosyl-pentoside | 30.79 | 265, 345 | 579, 447, 285 | 0.65 ± 0.008 | [39] | |
24 | Kaempferol hexosyl-rhamnoside | 30.82 | 266, 347 | 593, 447, 285 | 0.81 ± 0.000 | - | [37] |
25 | Quercetin 3-O-pentoside | 31.86 | 255, 353 | 433, 301 | 1.71 ± 0.008 | 3.09 ± 0.034 | [35] |
26 | Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside | 32.36 | 264, 344 | 447, 285 | 0.70 ± 0.001 | 1.71 ± 0.016 | Std. |
7 | Kaempferol hexosyl-rhamnoside | 34.93 | 265, 343 | 593, 447, 285 | 0.37 ± 0.017 | - | [37] |
28 | Kaempferol galactoside | 35.16 | 264, 344 | 447, 285 | 0.92 ± 0.015 | 3.29 ± 0.033 | [37] |
29 | Myricetin | 35.99 | 252 sh, 370 | 317 | - | 1.38 ± 0.017 | Std. |
30 | Kaempferol 3-O-pentoside | 36.53 | 265, 345 | 417, 285 | 0.34 ± 0.003 | 0.70 ± 0.009 | [35] |
31 | Rosmarinic acid | 40.13 | 328 | 359, 161 | 8.59 ± 0.017 | - | [40] |
32 | Quercetin | 51.69 | 254, 369 | 301 | - | 5.45 ± 0.002 | Std. |
33 | Kaempferol | 65.07 | 265, 366 | 285 | - | 1.48 ± 0.007 | Std. |
2.2. Antioxidant Activity
2.3. Insecticidal Activity on Adult Sitophilus oryzae
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material and Extraction Procedure
3.2. Phytochemical Investigations
3.2.1. Determination of Total Phenolic Content
3.2.2. Phenolic Compounds Analysis by HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS
3.3. Antioxidant Activity
3.3.1. DPPH Test
3.3.2. Reducing Power Assay
3.3.3. Ferrous Ions (Fe2+) Chelating Activity Assay
3.4. Insecticidal Activity
3.4.1. Sitophilus oryzae Strain
3.4.2. Effect of the Essential Oil on Adult Sitophilus oryzae
3.4.3. Effect of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts on Adult Sitophilus oryzae
3.4.4. Data Analysis
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pelargonium graveolens | TPC (mg GAE/g Extract) | DPPH IC50 (mg/mL) | Reducing Power ASE/mL | Chelating Activity Fe2+ IC50 (mg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|
EO | ND | >2 a | 21.77 ± 2.17 a | >2 a |
Aqueous extract | 156.42 ± 0.73 a | 0.13 ± 0.01 b | 3.01 ± 0.03 b | NA |
Ethanolic extract | 385.09 ± 2.09 b | 0.05 ± 0.01 c | 1.92 ± 0.04 b | >2 a |
Standard | - | BHT 0.07 ± 0.01 d | BHT 1.44 ± 0.02 b | EDTA 0.007 ± 0.001 b |
Concentrations (µL/L) | TL50 | r > r (0.05; 2) | TL99 | r > r (0.05; 2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 6.89 | 13.65 | ||
4 | 5.58 | −0.89 | 11.05 | −0.89 |
8 | 3.18 | 6.30 | ||
12 | 2.71 | 5.36 |
Days after Treatment | Slope ± SE (1) | χ2 Calculated <χ2 (0.05; 2) = 5.991 | LC50 (µL/L) (2) [Confidence Interval] | LC99 (µL/L) (2) [Confidence Interval] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.03 ± 0.71 | 4.36 | 36.78 [30.03; 53.74] | 215.88 [109.33; 1312.13] |
3 | 3.88 ± 0.81 | 3.70 | 19.22 [14.23; 23.25] | 76.42 [53.353; 171.002] |
4 | 4.11 ± 0.82 | 1.96 | 15.35 [10.96; 18.82] | 56.40 [41.22; 108.74] |
5 | 5.66 ± 1.22 | 0.30 | 13.79 [9.82; 16.78] | 35.55 [27.78; 59.75] |
6 | 8.02 ± 2.14 | 0.02 | 12.30 [8.73; 15.07] | 23.99 [18.89; 43.78] |
Concentrations (g/50 Seeds) | TL50 | r > r (0.05; 2) | TL99 | r > r (0.05; 2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 7.71 | 13.65 | ||
Dn/2 | 5.53 | −0.99 | 11.05 | −0.99 |
Dn | 5.05 | 6.30 | ||
2 Dn | 4.62 | 5.36 | ||
4 Dn | 4.15 | 8.21 |
Days after Treatment | Slope ±SE (1) | χ2 Calculated <χ2 (0.05; 2) = 5.991 | LC50 (g/50 Seeds) (2) [Confidence Interval] | LC99 (g/50 Seeds) (2) [Confidence Interval] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.56 ± 0.71 | 0.33 | 10.63 [5.09; 922656.81] | 329.52 [109.33; 1312.13] |
6 | 1.54 ± 0.77 | 0.23 | 1.93 [0.00; 4.12] | 62.13 [53.35; 171.002] |
8 | 3.17 ± 1.20 | 2.01 | 1.38 [0.20; 2.13] | 7.507 [41.22; 108.74] |
9 | 3.47 ± 1.44 | 1.31 | 0.82 [0.03; 1.33] | 3.86 [27.78; 59.75] |
Concentrations (g/50 Seeds) | TL50 | r > r (0.05; 2) | TL99 | r > r (0.05; 2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 7.53 | 14.90 | ||
Dn/2 | 5.24 | −0.99 | 10.38 | −0.99 |
Dn | 4.90 | 9.96 | ||
2 Dn | 4.47 | 8.85 | ||
4 Dn | 4.24 | 8.39 |
Days after Treatment | Slope ±SE (1) | χ2 Calculated <χ2 (0.05; 2) = 5.991 | LC50 (g/50 Seeds) (2) [Confidence Interval] | LC99 (g/50 Seeds) (2) [Confidence Interval] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.89 ± 0.86 | 0.80 | 11.34 [5.09; 922,656.81] | 192.63 [109.33; 1312.13] |
2 | 1.83 ± 0.83 | 0.68 | 6.96 [0.00; 4.12] | 129.83 [53.35; 171.002] |
3 | 1.50 ± 0.76 | 0.18 | 6.30 [0.20; 2.13] | 221.01 [41.22; 108.74] |
8 | 2.20 ± 1.01 | 0.64 | 1.16 [0.03; 1.33] | 13.21 [27.78; 59.75] |
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M’hamdi, Z.; Davì, F.; Elhourri, M.; Amechrouq, A.; Mondello, F.; Cacciola, F.; Laganà Vinci, R.; Mondello, L.; Miceli, N.; Taviano, M.F. Phytochemical Investigations, Antioxidant and Insecticidal Properties of Essential Oil and Extracts from the Aerial Parts of Pelargonium graveolens from Morocco. Molecules 2024, 29, 4036. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174036
M’hamdi Z, Davì F, Elhourri M, Amechrouq A, Mondello F, Cacciola F, Laganà Vinci R, Mondello L, Miceli N, Taviano MF. Phytochemical Investigations, Antioxidant and Insecticidal Properties of Essential Oil and Extracts from the Aerial Parts of Pelargonium graveolens from Morocco. Molecules. 2024; 29(17):4036. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174036
Chicago/Turabian StyleM’hamdi, Zakya, Federica Davì, Mohammed Elhourri, Ali Amechrouq, Fabio Mondello, Francesco Cacciola, Roberto Laganà Vinci, Luigi Mondello, Natalizia Miceli, and Maria Fernanda Taviano. 2024. "Phytochemical Investigations, Antioxidant and Insecticidal Properties of Essential Oil and Extracts from the Aerial Parts of Pelargonium graveolens from Morocco" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4036. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174036