Characteristics of Indonesian Stingless Bee Propolis and Study of Metabolomic Properties Based on Region and Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Bee Species
2.2. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) Results
2.3. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) Results
2.4. Antioxidant Activity Results
2.5. Chemometric Analysis of FTIR Spectroscopies
2.6. LC-MS/MS Analysis Result
2.7. Chemometric Analysis of LC-MS/MS
3. Discussion
3.1. TPC and TFC
3.2. Antioxidant Activity
3.3. Vibrational and Absorption Spectroscopies of Indonesian Propolis
3.4. Propolis Chemical Compounds and Potential Markers
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Samples
4.2. Sample Preparation
4.3. Propolis Extraction
4.4. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) Measurements
4.5. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) Measurements
4.6. Antioxidant Activity with DPPH Assay
4.7. Antioxidant Activity with ABTS Assay
4.8. Fourier-Transform Infrared Analysis
4.9. LC-MS/MS Analysis
4.10. Chemometric Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample name | Bee Species | Region | TPC ± SD (mg GAE/g) | TFC ± SD (mg QE/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jav_HI1 | H. itama | Magelang | 61.42 ± 5.13 | 63.74 ± 7.47 |
Jav_HI2 | H. itama | Kendal | 69.72 ± 4.89 | 52.22 ± 5.27 |
Kal_HI3 | H. itama | Banjarbaru | 278.78 ± 15.79 | 74.40 ± 3.63 |
Kal_HI4 | H. itama | Kutai Kartanegara | 208.8 ± 10.12 | 112.8 ± 5.24 |
Sum_HI5 | H. itama | Kampar | 67.56 ± 2.84 | 70.11 ± 2.73 |
NT_TB1 | T. biroi | Sumbawa | 336.96 ± 0.64 | 111.40 ± 0.81 |
Kal_TB2 | T. biroi | Tanah Laut | 97.61 ± 1.96 | 59.49 ± 3.22 |
Jav_TB3 | T. biroi | Batang | 83.66 ± 2.21 | 60.74 ± 3.95 |
Jav_TB4 | T. biroi | Bogor | 114.48 ± 5.35 | 48.5 ± 0.57 |
Kal_TB5 | T. biroi | Barito Kuala | 71.50 ± 0.42 | 39.30 ± 0.73 |
Jav_TB6 | T. biroi | Magelang | 80.34 ± 0.87 | 25.46 ± 0.84 |
Jav_TL1 | T. laeviceps | Pandeglang | 63.08 ± 0.68 | 44.56 ± 2.81 |
Jav_TL2 | T. laeviceps | Batang | 55.40 ± 0.93 | 45.04 ± 1.15 |
Jav_TL3 | T. laeviceps | Magelang | 33.08 ± 4.27 | 30.74 ± 3.95 |
Kal_TL4 | T. laeviceps | Hulu Sungai Tengah | 114.92 ± 15.26 | 74.40 ± 3.63 |
Kal_TL5 | T. laeviceps | Barito Kuala | 32.99 ± 0.66 | 20.66 ± 4.08 |
Kal_GT1 | G. thoracica | Kutai Kartanegara | 174.2 ± 12.09 | 94.18 ± 5.02 |
Sum_GT2 | G. thoracica | Lebong | 81.34 ± 2.61 | 49.58 ± 9.4 |
Kal_GT3 | G. thoracica | Hulu Sungai Tengah | 58.10 ± 4.89 | 43.52 ± 5.27 |
Sum_GT4 | G. thoracica | Pematang Siantar | 374.20 ± 0.51 | 194.18 ± 0.98 |
NT_SB1 | T. clypearis | West Lombok | 144.2 ± 0.75 | 81.02 ± 0.67 |
NT_SB2 | T. clypearis | Central Lombok | 134.86 ± 7.43 | 57.32 ± 1.61 |
Jav_SB3 | T. drescheri | Batang | 79.44 ± 0.42 | 43.5 ± 0.73 |
Sample Name | IC50 DPPH (ppm) | IC50 ABTS (ppm) | Activity |
---|---|---|---|
Jav_HI1 | 65.4 ± 4.15 | 56.66 ± 9.64 | Strong |
Jav_HI2 | 57.78 ± 3.32 | 56.71 ± 0.47 | Strong |
Kal_HI3 | 28.87 ± 6.05 | 39.71 ± 0.79 | Very strong |
Kal_HI4 | 25.64 ± 0.55 | 38.79 ± 0.65 | Very strong |
Sum_HI5 | 59.45 ± 3.23 | 60.24 ± 3.69 | Strong |
NT_TB1 | 19.03 ± 0.08 | 26.34 ± 3.64 | Very strong |
Kal_TB2 | 47.73 ± 4.02 | 46.46 ± 5.61 | Very strong |
Jav_TB3 | 115.28 ± 2.30 | 117.21 ± 10.76 | Moderate |
Jav_TB4 | 70.30 ± 1.40 | 64.96 ± 4.43 | Strong |
Kal_TB5 | 61.69 ± 0.25 | 63.78 ± 0.29 | Strong |
Jav_TB6 | 50.79 ± 0.25 | 52.78 ± 0.45 | Strong |
Jav_TL1 | 116.82 ± 2.34 | 108.59 ± 1.97 | Moderate |
Jav_TL2 | 118.10 ± 2.36 | 110.21 ± 10.27 | Moderate |
Jav_TL3 | 83.37 ± 6.07 | 93.13 ± 4.00 | Strong |
Kal_TL4 | 70.03 ± 0.92 | 64.75 ± 1.84 | Strong |
Kal_TL5 | 83.16 ± 3.28 | 89.93 ± 1.77 | Strong |
Kal_GT1 | 46.20 ± 1.65 | 37.78 ± 1.42 | Very strong |
Sum_GT2 | 57.28 ± 0.48 | 67.35 ± 2.24 | Strong |
Kal_GT3 | 69.34 ± 5.13 | 68.29 ± 3.08 | Strong |
Sum_GT4 | 11.06 ± 0.55 | 17.29 ± 0.34 | Very strong |
NT_SB1 | 31.12 ± 0.99 | 45.14 ± 4.25 | Very strong |
NT_SB2 | 41.75 ± 0.96 | 43.63 ± 0.54 | Very strong |
Jav_SB3 | 51.69 ± 0.35 | 53.77 ± 0.9 | Strong |
Group | Sample | Species | Region | Island |
---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | HI2 | H. itama | Kendal | Java |
HI1 | H. itama | Magelang | Java | |
HI3 | H. itama | Banjar Baru | Kalimantan | |
HI4 | H. itama | Kutai Kartanegara | Kalimantan | |
HI5 | H. itama | Kampar | Sumatra | |
Group 2 | GT1 | G. thoracica | Kutai Kartanegara | Kalimantan |
GT2 | G. thoracica | Lebong | Sumatra | |
Group 3 | TB2 | T. biroi | Tanah Laut | Kalimantan |
TB3 | T. biroi | Batang | Java | |
TB4 | T. biroi | Bogor | Java | |
TB6 | T. biroi | Magelang | Java | |
TL1 | T. laeviceps | Pandeglang | Java | |
TL2 | T. laeviceps | Batang | Java | |
TL3 | T. laeviceps | Magelang | Java | |
TL4 | T. laeviceps | Hulu Sungai Tengah | Kalimantan | |
TL5 | T. laeviceps | Barito Kuala | Kalimantan | |
SB3 | T. drescheri | Batang | Java | |
GT3 | G. thoracica | Hulu Sungai Tengah | Kalimantan | |
Group 4 | TB1 | T. biroi | Sumbawa | Nusa Tenggara |
TB5 | T. biroi | Barito Kuala | Kalimantan | |
SB1 | T. clypearis | West Lombok | Nusa Tenggara | |
Group 5 | SB2 | T. clypearis | Central Lombok | Nusa Tenggara |
GT4 | G. thoracica | Pematang Siantar | Sumatra |
Wave Number (cm−1) | Vibrational Modes | Position Band Sample | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | G5 | ||
3500–3200 | O-H of alcohols, phenols, and carboxylic acids | - | √ | √ | - | √ |
3400–3250 | N-H of amines | - | √ | - | - | √ |
3000–2850 | CH3, CH2, and CH of alkenes | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
1810–1640 | C=O | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
1680–1600 | C=C of conjugated aromatic rings | - | √ | √ | √ | √ |
1550–1475 | N-O | √ | √ | √ | - | - |
1500–1400 | CH of aromatic rings | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
1470–1450 | C-H | - | √ | - | √ | - |
1360–1290 | N-O | - | - | √ | - | √ |
1335–1250 | C-N | √ | - | √ | √ | √ |
1320–1000 | C-O of carboxylic acids, phenols, esters | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
1300–1150 | CH2 of alkenes | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
1250–1020 | C-N | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
No. | Compound | RT (min) | Formula | Molecular Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Unknown compound | 0.99 | C6H8O5 | 161.0363 |
2 | 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde | 7.76 | C8H8O2 | 136.0524 |
3 | Apocynin | 8.52 | C9H10O3 | 166.0630 |
4 | Eupatoriochromene | 9.12 | C13H14O3 | 218.0943 |
5 | Unknown compound | 10.37 | C9H8O | 132.0575 |
6 | (-)-8-Prenylnaringenin | 11.84 | C20H20O5 | 340.1311 |
7 | trans-Cinnamaldehyde | 12.47 | C9H8O | 132.0575 |
8 | Glabridin | 16.01 | C20H20O4 | 324.1362 |
9 | (1R,2R,5S,8R,10R,14R)-20-hydroxy-1,2,14,18,18-pentamethyl-17-oxo-8-(prop-1-en-2-yl) pentacyclohenicosane-5-carboxylic acid | 17.86 | C30H46O4 | 470.3396 |
10 | Abietic acid | 24.70 | C20H30O2 | 302.2246 |
No. | Compound Name | RT (min) | Formula | Molecular Weight | HI | TL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Petunidin | 8.12 | C16H13O7 | 318.0758 | High | Low |
2 | Gingerone C | 10.35 | C20H22O4 | 327.1682 | High | Low |
3 | L-β-aspartyl-L-leucine | 10.97 | C10H18N2O5 | 247.1304 | High | Low |
4 | Flazine | 10.67 | C17H12N2O4 | 309.0859 | High | Low |
5 | Pinusolide | 18.93 | C21H30O4 | 347.2195 | Low | High |
6 | Prostaglandine F2a | 12.93 | C20H34O5 | 355.2441 | High | Low |
7 | Mannitol 1-phosphate | 1.51 | C6H15O9P | 263.0660 | High | Low |
8 | Hydroxyprolyl-Isoleucine | 1.59 | C11H20N2O4 | 245.1441 | Low | High |
9 | Cucurbic acid | 9.23 | C12H20O3 | 213.1611 | High | Low |
10 | Galacticol | 1.09 | C6H14O6 | 183.0830 | High | Low |
No. | Sample Code | Location (City and Province) | Bee Species |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Jav_HI1 | Magelang, Central Java | H. itama |
2 | Jav_HI2 | Kendal, Central Java | H. itama |
3 | Kal_HI3 | Banjar Baru, South Kalimantan | H. itama |
4 | Kal_HI4 | Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan | H. itama |
5 | Sum_HI5 | Kampar, Riau | H. itama |
6 | NT_TB1 | Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara | T. biroi |
7 | Kal_TB2 | Tanah Laut, South Kalimantan | T. biroi |
8 | Jav_TB3 | Batang, Central Java | T. biroi |
9 | Jav_TB4 | Bogor, West Java | T. biroi |
10 | Kal_TB5 | Barito Kuala, South Kalimantan | T. biroi |
11 | Jav_TB6 | Magelang, Central Java | T. biroi |
12 | Jav_TL1 | Pandeglang, Banten | T. laeviceps |
13 | Jav_TL2 | Batang, Central Java | T. laeviceps |
14 | Jav_TL3 | Magelang, Central Java | T. laeviceps |
15 | Kal_TL4 | Hulu Sungai Tengah, East Kalimantan | T. laeviceps |
16 | Kal_TL5 | Barito Kuala, South Kalimantan | T. laeviceps |
17 | Kal_GT1 | Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan | G. thoracica |
18 | Sum_GT2 | Lebong, Bengkulu | G. thoracica |
19 | Kal_GT3 | Hulu Sungai Tengah, East Kalimantan | G. thoracica |
20 | Sum_GT4 | Pematang Siantar, Nort Sumatra | G. thoracica |
21 | NT_SB1 | West Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara | T. clypearis |
22 | NT_SB2 | Central Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara | T. clypearis |
23 | Jav_SB3 | Batang, Central Java | T. drescheri |
Reagent | Volume (μL) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Blank | Control | Sample | |
EEP | - | - | 20 |
DPPH 150 μmol/L | - | 180 | 180 |
Methanol | 200 | 20 | - |
Reagent | Volume (μL) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Blank | Control | Sample | |
EEP | - | - | 50 |
ABTS solution | - | 50 | 50 |
Ethanol | 100 | 50 | - |
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Share and Cite
Pratami, D.K.; Sahlan, M.; Bayu, A.; Putra, M.Y.; Ibrahim, B.; Siswadi; Qodriah, R.; Mun’im, A. Characteristics of Indonesian Stingless Bee Propolis and Study of Metabolomic Properties Based on Region and Species. Molecules 2024, 29, 4037. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174037
Pratami DK, Sahlan M, Bayu A, Putra MY, Ibrahim B, Siswadi, Qodriah R, Mun’im A. Characteristics of Indonesian Stingless Bee Propolis and Study of Metabolomic Properties Based on Region and Species. Molecules. 2024; 29(17):4037. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174037
Chicago/Turabian StylePratami, Diah Kartika, Muhamad Sahlan, Asep Bayu, Masteria Yunovilsa Putra, Baharudin Ibrahim, Siswadi, Rahmatul Qodriah, and Abdul Mun’im. 2024. "Characteristics of Indonesian Stingless Bee Propolis and Study of Metabolomic Properties Based on Region and Species" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4037. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174037