The Use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) to Characterize Bitumen Used in the Road Pavements Industry: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background on Bitumen Used in Road Pavements
1.2. Importance of Characterizing Bitumen
- Asphaltenes are not defined by their molecular structure, but rather on the basis of the procedure required to extract them from heavy oils [15];
- Bitumen is a not well-defined mixture of constituents, so different methods of analysis exist where solvents are added to bitumen to determine its chemical properties.
1.3. Role of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy in Bitumen Characterization
2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
2.1. Basic Principles of NMR Spectroscopy
2.2. Relaxometry Analysis
2.3. Diffusometry
3. Types of NMR Employed in Bitumen Characterization
3.1. One Dimensional NMR
3.2. Two-Dimensional NMR
3.3. FFC-DNP Fast Field Cycling Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
3.4. DOSY
4. Case Studies on Bitumen Characterization Using NMR
4.1. Bitumen Emulsion and Analysis of Physico-Mechanical Properties
- 1H NMR
- PFGSE-NMR
- PFGSE-NMR combined with 1D-imaging
4.2. Bitument Content and Molecular Composition Determination
- LF-NMR Relaxometry
- FID and CPMG-NMR
- TD-NMR
- TLC and 1H-NMR
- 2D NMR
- Combined NMR-FTIR
4.3. Bitumen Ageing
- FT-NMR-SDC
- ILT NMR
5. Comparison between NMR Techniques Used in Bitumen Analysis
6. Challenges and Limitations
7. Future Directions
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
APGSTE | alternating pulsed gradient stimulated echo |
CPMG | Carr–Purcell–Meilboom–Gill |
D | (self)-diffusion coefficient |
DNP | Dynamic Nuclear Polarization |
DOSY | Diffusion ordered 2D-NMR spectroscopy |
ESEM | Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy |
FID | free induction decay |
FT-IR | Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy |
FT-NMR-SDC | Fourier Transform NMR Self-Diffusion Coefficient |
GC | gas chromatography |
GPC | gel permeation chromatography |
HMBC | heteronuclear multiple bond coherence |
ILT | Inverse Laplace Transform |
LF-NMR | Low Field NMR |
NMR | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance |
NMRD | nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion |
PAV | Pressure Aging Vessel |
PFGSE | Pulsed Field Gradient Stimulated Echo |
PGSE | pulsed gradient spin echo |
RAP | Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement |
REXSY | (T2-T2) relaxation exchange pulse sequence |
RTFO | Rolling Thin Film Oven |
SARA | Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, Asphaltenes |
SBR | Styrene Butadiene Rubber |
SGE | Simultaneous Gaussian-Exponential |
TD-NMR | Time Domain NMR |
TLC | Thin Layer Chromatography |
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Measurements | Applications | References |
---|---|---|
T1-T2 maps | Fluid-surface interaction | [72] |
Dynamics of asphaltene aggregates in crude oil | [69] | |
T1-T2 correlation with viscosity η of bulk heavy crude oils | [73] | |
Fluid typing | [74] | |
Permeability | [75] | |
Wettability | [76,77] | |
Heavy oil reservoir evaluation | [78] | |
T2-Diffusion | Surface relaxivity (S/V ratio) | [79] |
Wettability | [80,81,82] | |
Fluid saturation | [83] | |
T2-store-T2 | Pore coupling | [84] |
Asphaltene deposition | [85] | |
Diffusion exchange | [86] |
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Shaikhah, D.; Oliviero Rossi, C.; Luca, G.D.; Angelico, R.; Calandra, P.; Caputo, P. The Use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) to Characterize Bitumen Used in the Road Pavements Industry: A Review. Molecules 2024, 29, 4038. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174038
Shaikhah D, Oliviero Rossi C, Luca GD, Angelico R, Calandra P, Caputo P. The Use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) to Characterize Bitumen Used in the Road Pavements Industry: A Review. Molecules. 2024; 29(17):4038. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174038
Chicago/Turabian StyleShaikhah, Dilshad, Cesare Oliviero Rossi, Giuseppina De Luca, Ruggero Angelico, Pietro Calandra, and Paolino Caputo. 2024. "The Use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) to Characterize Bitumen Used in the Road Pavements Industry: A Review" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4038. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174038