Maximizing Upconversion Luminescence of Co-Doped CaF₂:Yb, Er Nanoparticles at Low Laser Power for Efficient Cellular Imaging
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Structural and Vibrational Properties
2.2. NIR Absorbance and Photoluminescence (PL) Characteristics
2.3. Light Scattering and Upconversion Luminescence Imaging Properties
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Materials and Methods
3.2. Synthesis of Co-Doped CaF2:Yb3+, Er3+ UCNPs
3.3. Characterization
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sr. No. | Host Material | Dopant | Ratio | Emission | Synthesis Method | Laser Power | Stabilizing/Capping Agent | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | CaF2 | Yb, Er, Mn | 15%, 2%, (0, 0.7, 2.6, 4.7, 6 and 7) | Red and green varied upon Mn concentration | In situ hydrothermal condition | - | - | [31] |
2 | CaF2 | Yb, Er | 20%, 2% | Green and red | One pot hydrothermal | - | Oleate ions | [32] |
3 | CaF2 | Er | 0.05–1% | Red and green | Temperature gradient method | - | - | [33] |
4 | CaF2 | Yb/Er | 20%, 2% | Red and green | Hydrothermal, coprecipitation, and decomposition | 10–80 W cm−2 | Tri-sodium citrate | [34] |
5 | LiYF4 | Yb, Er | 3%, 0.025% | Green (temp tuned) | Thermal decomposition | 65–250 W cm−2 | Cysteine | [35] |
6 | NaYF4 | Yb, Er | 20%, 2% | Strong Blue and Red | PVP-assisted method | 1300 W | PVP | [36] |
7 | NaYF4 | Yb, Er | (20–100%), 2% | Green and red | Thermal decomposition | 7 W cm−2 and 50 mW mm−2 | Oleate | [37] |
8 | NaYF4 | Yb, Er, and Nd | 20, 2, 10 | Green and red | Thermal decomposition | 13 W cm−2 | - | [38] |
9 | CaF2 | Yb, Er | 20%, (2%, 2.5%, 3% and 5%) | Red and green (red dominant) | Miniemulsion-mediated coprecipitation method | 0.28 W–0.7 W | - | This work |
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Dubey, N.; Gupta, S.; Shelar, S.B.; Barick, K.C.; Chandra, S. Maximizing Upconversion Luminescence of Co-Doped CaF₂:Yb, Er Nanoparticles at Low Laser Power for Efficient Cellular Imaging. Molecules 2024, 29, 4177. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174177
Dubey N, Gupta S, Shelar SB, Barick KC, Chandra S. Maximizing Upconversion Luminescence of Co-Doped CaF₂:Yb, Er Nanoparticles at Low Laser Power for Efficient Cellular Imaging. Molecules. 2024; 29(17):4177. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174177
Chicago/Turabian StyleDubey, Neha, Sonali Gupta, Sandeep B. Shelar, K. C. Barick, and Sudeshna Chandra. 2024. "Maximizing Upconversion Luminescence of Co-Doped CaF₂:Yb, Er Nanoparticles at Low Laser Power for Efficient Cellular Imaging" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4177. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174177