Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Monitoring of the Accumulation of Polyethylene Terephthalate Nanoplastics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characterization and Analysis of PET–fSPIONs
2.2. Relaxivity of PET–fSPIONs and fSPIONs
2.3. Localization of PET NPs in Wheat: Insights from SEM
2.4. Impact of PET–fSPIONs on Spin–Spin Relaxation in Wheat Seeds
2.5. Diffusion MRI Measurements
2.6. Chemical Shift Imaging
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals
3.2. Preparation of PET–fSPIONs
3.3. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
3.4. Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)
3.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.6. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3.7. Determination of Iron Content in fSPIONs
3.8. Relaxivity Measurement of fSPIONs and PET–fSPIONs
3.9. MRI Experiments
3.10. Data Processing
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Nayanathara Thathsarani Pilapitiya, P.G.C.; Ratnayake, A.S. The world of plastic waste: A review. Clean. Mater. 2024, 11, 100220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geyer, R.; Jambeck, J.R.; Law, K.L. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, e1700782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gall, S.C.; Thompson, R.C. The impact of debris on marine life. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2015, 92, 170–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mason, S.A.; Welch, V.G.; Neratko, J. Synthetic Polymer Contamination in Bottled Water. Front. Chem. 2018, 6, 407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Zhang, S.; Duan, Z.; Wang, L. Pulmonary toxicology assessment of polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastic particles in vitro. Environ. Int. 2022, 162, 107177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, S.; Zhang, H.; Wang, C.; Su, X.L.; Song, Y.; Wu, P.; Yang, Z.; Wong, M.H.; Cai, Z.; Zheng, C. Metabolomics Reveal Nanoplastic-Induced Mitochondrial Damage in Human Liver and Lung Cells. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2022, 56, 12483–12493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, Q.; Chen, X.; Jiang, H.; Wang, M.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, W. Effects of Acute Exposure to Polystyrene Nanoplastics on the Channel Catfish Larvae: Insights from Energy Metabolism and Transcriptomic Analysis. Front. Physiol. 2022, 13, 923278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dhaka, V.; Singh, S.; Anil, A.G.; Sunil Kumar Naik, T.S.; Garg, S.; Samuel, J.; Kumar, M.; Ramamurthy, P.C.; Singh, J. Occurrence, toxicity and remediation of polyethylene terephthalate plastics. A review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2022, 20, 1777–1800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heinder, F.M.; Alajmi, F.; Huerlimann, R.; Zeng, C.S.; Newman, S.J.; Vamvounis, G.; van Herwerden, L. Toxic effects of polyethylene terephthalate microparticles and Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on the calanoid copepod. Ecotox. Environ. Safe 2017, 141, 298–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Magrì, D.; Sánchez-Moreno, P.; Caputo, G.; Gatto, F.; Veronesi, M.; Bardi, G.; Catelani, T.; Guarnieri, D.; Athanassiou, A.; Pompa, P.P.; et al. Laser Ablation as a Versatile Tool to Mimic Polyethylene Terephthalate Nanoplastic Pollutants: Characterization and Toxicology Assessment. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 7690–7700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, L.; Jiang, W.; Luo, K.; Hongmei, S.; Lan, F.; Wu, Y.; Gu, Z. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents for Non-invasive Stem Cell Labeling and Tracking. Theranostics 2013, 3, 595–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pitt, J.A.; Kozal, J.S.; Jayasundara, N.; Massarsky, A.; Trevisan, R.; Geitner, N.; Wiesner, M.; Levin, E.D.; Di Giulio, R.T. Uptake, tissue distribution, and toxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquat. Toxicol. 2018, 194, 185–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Pomeren, M.; Brun, N.R.; Peijnenburg, W.J.G.M.; Vijver, M.G. Exploring uptake and biodistribution of polystyrene (nano)particles in zebrafish embryos at different developmental stages. Aquat. Toxicol. 2017, 190, 40–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Catarino, A.I.; Frutos, A.; Henry, T.B. Use of fluorescenT–labelled nanoplastics (NPs) to demonstrate NP absorption is inconclusive without adequate controls. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 670, 915–920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Varani, M.; Bentivoglio, V.; Lauri, C.; Ranieri, D.; Signore, A. Methods for Radiolabelling Nanoparticles: SPECT Use (Part 1). Biomolecules 2022, 12, 1522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stricker, A.; Hilpmann, S.; Mansel, A.; Franke, K.; Schymura, S. Radiolabeling of Micro-/Nanoplastics via In-Diffusion. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 2687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Munir, M.; Sholikhah, U.N.; Lestari, E.; Pujiyanto, A.; Prasetya, K.E.; Nurmanjaya, A.; Yanto; Sarwono, D.A.; Subechi, M.; Suseno, H. Iodine-131 radiolabeled polyvinylchloride: A potential radiotracer for micro and nanoplastics bioaccumulation and biodistribution study in organisms. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2023, 188, 114627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keinänen, O.; Dayts, E.J.; Rodriguez, C.; Sarrett, S.M.; Brennan, J.M.; Sarparanta, M.; Zeglis, B.M. Harnessing PET to track micro- and nanoplastics in vivo. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 11463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, Y.; Pan, D.; Yang, M.; Wang, X. Radiolabelling and in vivo radionuclide imaging tracking of emerging pollutants in environmental toxicology: A review. Sci. Total Environ. 2023, 866, 161412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feiner, I.V.J.; Brandt, M.; Cowell, J.; Demuth, T.; Vugts, D.; Gasser, G.; Mindt, T.L. The Race for Hydroxamate-Based Zirconium-89 Chelators. Cancers 2021, 13, 4466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, Q.; Wang, Y.; Ji, Y.; Zhao, X.; Zhang, P.; Chen, L. Tracking of realistic nanoplastics in complicated matrices by iridium element labeling and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. J. Hazard. Mater. 2022, 424, 127628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hwang, J.H.; Choi, C.S. Use of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy for studying metabolic diseases. Exp. Mol. Med. 2015, 47, e139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mansfield, P.; Grannell, P.K. Nmr Diffraction in Solids. J. Phys. C Solid State 1973, 6, L422–L426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kockenberger, W. Functional imaging of plants by magnetic resonance experiments. Trends Plant Sci. 2001, 6, 286–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lux, J.; Sherry, A.D. Advances in gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent designs for monitoring biological processes in vivo. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2018, 45, 121–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, Z.; Qian, J.; Liu, B.; Wang, Q.; Ni, X.; Dong, Y.; Zhong, K.; Wu, Y. Effects of the magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent Gd-DTPA on plant growth and root imaging in rice. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e100246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lauterbur, P.C. Image-Formation by Induced Local Interactions—Examples Employing Nuclear Magnetic-Resonance. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 1989, 3–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wahajuddin; Arora, S. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Magnetic nanoplatforms as drug carriers. Int. J. Nanomed. 2012, 7, 3445–3471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frey, N.A.; Peng, S.; Cheng, K.; Sun, S. Magnetic nanoparticles: Synthesis, functionalization, and applications in bioimaging and magnetic energy storage. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 2532–2542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiao, Y.; Du, J. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2020, 8, 354–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vangijzegem, T.; Lecomte, V.; Ternad, I.; Van Leuven, L.; Muller, R.N.; Stanicki, D.; Laurent, S. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPION): From Fundamentals to State-of-the-Art Innovative Applications for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023, 15, 236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, X.; Ciannella, S.; Choe, H.; Strayer, J.; Wu, K.; Chalmers, J.; Gomez-Pastora, J. SPIONs Magnetophoresis and Separation via Permanent Magnets: Biomedical and Environmental Applications. Processes 2023, 11, 3316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarcletti, M.; Park, H.; Wirth, J.; Englisch, S.; Eigen, A.; Drobek, D.; Vivod, D.; Friedrich, B.; Tietze, R.; Alexiou, C.; et al. The remediation of nano-/microplastics from water. Mater. Today 2021, 48, 38–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Xie, H.; Wang, P.; Yin, H. Nanoparticles in Plants: Uptake, Transport and Physiological Activity in Leaf and Root. Materials 2023, 16, 3097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pereira, A.P.D.; da Silva, M.H.P.; Lima, E.P.; Paula, A.D.; Tommasini, F.J. Processing and Characterization of PET Composites Reinforced with Geopolymer Concrete Waste. Mater. Res.-Ibero-Am. J. 2017, 20, 411–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vidal-Vidal, J.; Rivas, J.; López-Quintela, M.A. Synthesis of monodisperse maghemite nanoparticles by the microemulsion method. Colloid Surf. A 2006, 288, 44–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hobson, N.J.; Weng, X.; Ashford, M.; Thanh, N.T.K.; Schätzlein, A.G.; Uchegbu, I.F. Facile aqueous, room temperature preparation of high transverse relaxivity clustered iron oxide nanoparticles. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2019, 570, 165–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ragheb, R.R.T.; Kim, D.; Bandyopadhyay, A.; Chahboune, H.; Bulutoglu, B.; Ezaldein, H.; Criscione, J.M.; Fahmy, T.M. Induced Clustered Nanoconfinement of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide in Biodegradable Nanoparticles Enhances Transverse Relaxivity for Targeted Theranostics. Magn. Reson. Med. 2013, 70, 1748–1760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, D.; Lin, B.B.; Shen, T.P.; Wu, J.; Hao, F.H.; Xia, C.C.; Gong, Q.Y.; Tang, H.R.; Song, B.; Ai, H. Control of the interparticle spacing in superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle clusters by surface ligand engineering. Chin. Phys. B 2016, 25, 077504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vo, T.; Pollack, G. Surprising attraction of non-magnetic materials to magnets. J. Adv. Phys. 2018, 14, 5520–5525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gaeta, M.; Cavallaro, M.; Vinci, S.L.; Mormina, E.; Blandino, A.; Marino, M.A.; Granata, F.; Tessitore, A.; Galletta, K.; D’Angelo, T.; et al. Magnetism of materials: Theory and practice in magnetic resonance imaging. Insights Imaging 2021, 12, 179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, Z.; Tian, R.; Wang, Z.; Yang, Z.; Liu, Y.; Liu, G.; Wang, R.; Gao, J.; Song, J.; Nie, L.; et al. Artificial local magnetic field inhomogeneity enhances T2 relaxivity. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 15468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tripathi, D.K.; Singh, S.; Singh, V.P.; Prasad, S.M.; Dubey, N.K.; Chauhan, D.K. Silicon nanoparticles more effectively alleviated UV-B stress than silicon in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2017, 110, 70–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pérez-de-Luque, A. Interaction of Nanomaterials with Plants: What Do We Need for Real Applications in Agriculture? Front. Environ. Sci. 2017, 5, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Munir, N.; Gulzar, W.; Abideen, Z.; Hasanuzzaman, M.; El-Keblawy, A.; Zhao, F. Plant–Nanoparticle Interactions: Transcriptomic and Proteomic Insights. Agronomy 2023, 13, 2112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gruwel, M.L.H.; Ghosh, P.K.; Latta, P.; Jayas, D.S. On the Diffusion Constant of Water in Wheat. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 59–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quettier, A.L.; Eastmond, P.J. Storage oil hydrolysis during early seedling growth. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2009, 47, 485–490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Theodoulou, F.L.; Eastmond, P.J. Seed storage oil catabolism: A story of give and take. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2012, 15, 322–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, S.H.; Morita, N. Changes of Bound Lipids and Composition of Fatty Acids in Germination of Quinoa Seeds. Food Sci. Technol. Res. 2004, 10, 303–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, K.; Zou, W.; Peng, B.; Guo, C.; Zou, X. Lipid Droplets from Plants and Microalgae: Characteristics, Extractions, and Applications. Biology 2023, 12, 594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cai Feng, C.F.; Mei LanJu, M.L.; An XiaoLong, A.X.; Gao Shun, G.S.; Tang Lin, T.L.; Chen Fang, C.F. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant responses during seed germination of Jatropha curcas. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 2011, 13, 25–30. [Google Scholar]
- Farooq, M.A.; Zhang, X.; Zafar, M.M.; Ma, W.; Zhao, J. Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondria in Seed Germination. Front. Plant Sci. 2021, 12, 781734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ekner-Grzyb, A.; Duka, A.; Grzyb, T.; Lopes, I.; Chmielowska-Bąk, J. Plants oxidative response to nanoplastic. Front. Plant Sci. 2022, 13, 1027608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aoki, N.; Scofield, G.N.; Wang, X.D.; Offler, C.E.; Patrick, J.W.; Furbank, R.T. Pathway of sugar transport in germinating wheat seeds. Plant Physiol. 2006, 141, 1255–1263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jackowiak, H.; Packa, D.; Wiwart, M.; Perkowski, J.; Buśko, M.; Borusiewicz, A. Scanning electron microscopy of mature wheat kernels infected with Fusarium culmorum. J. Appl. Genet. 2002, 43, 167–176. [Google Scholar]
- Hung, P.V.; Hatcher, D.W.; Barker, W. Phenolic acid composition of sprouted wheats by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and their antioxidant activities. Food Chem. 2011, 126, 1896–1901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lian, J.; Wu, J.; Xiong, H.; Zeb, A.; Yang, T.; Su, X.; Su, L.; Liu, W. Impact of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J. Hazard. Mater. 2020, 385, 121620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bashirova, N.; Poppitz, D.; Kluver, N.; Scholz, S.; Matysik, J.; Alia, A. A mechanistic understanding of the effects of polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastics in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 1891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Welzel, K.; Müller, R.-J.; Deckwer, W.-D. Enzymatischer Abbau von Polyester-Nanopartikeln. Chem. Ing. Tech. 2002, 74, 1496–1500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarcletti, M.; Vivod, D.; Luchs, T.; Rejek, T.; Portilla, L.; Müller, L.; Dietrich, H.; Hirsch, A.; Zahn, D.; Halik, M. Superoleophilic Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Effective Hydrocarbon Removal from Water. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1805742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Portilla, L.; Halik, M. Smoothly Tunable Surface Properties of Aluminum Oxide Core–Shell Nanoparticles By A Mixed-Ligand Approach. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 5977–5982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Smoluchowski, M.V. Drei Vortrage uber Diffusion, Brownsche Bewegung und Koagulation von Kolloidteilchen. Z. Phys. 1916, 17, 557–585. [Google Scholar]
- Nisah, K.; Ramli, M.; Marlina; Idroes, R.; Safitri, E. Study of linearity and stability of Pb(II)-1,10-phenanthroline complex with the presence of Fe (II) dan Mg (II) matrix ions using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2021, 1087, 012052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hennig, J.; Nauerth, A.; Friedburg, H. Rare Imaging—A Fast Imaging Method for Clinical Mr. Magn. Reson. Med. 1986, 3, 823–833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carr, H.Y.; Purcell, E.M. Effects of Diffusion on Free Precession in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Experiments. Phys. Rev. 1954, 94, 630–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meiboom, S.; Gill, D. Modified Spin-Echo Method for Measuring Nuclear Relaxation Times. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1958, 29, 688–691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schadewijk, R.V.; Berg, T.; Gupta, K.; Ronen, I.; de Groot, H.J.M.; Alia, A. Non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging of oils in Botryococcus braunii green algae: Chemical shift selective and diffusion-weighted imaging. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0203217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luyten, P.R.; Marien, A.J.; Heindel, W.; van Gerwen, P.H.; Herholz, K.; den Hollander, J.A.; Friedmann, G.; Heiss, W.D. Metabolic imaging of patients with intracranial tumors: H-1 MR spectroscopic imaging and PET. Radiology 1990, 176, 791–799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keevil, S.F. Spatial localization in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Phys. Med. Biol. 2006, 51, R579–R636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rohrer, M.; Bauer, H.; Mintorovitch, J.; Requardt, M.; Weinmann, H.J. Comparison of magnetic properties of MRI contrast media solutions at different magnetic field strengths. Investig. Radiol. 2005, 40, 715–724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bashirova, N.; Butenschön, E.; Poppitz, D.; Gaß, H.; Halik, M.; Dentel, D.; Tegenkamp, C.; Matysik, J.; Alia, A. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Monitoring of the Accumulation of Polyethylene Terephthalate Nanoplastics. Molecules 2024, 29, 4380. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184380
Bashirova N, Butenschön E, Poppitz D, Gaß H, Halik M, Dentel D, Tegenkamp C, Matysik J, Alia A. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Monitoring of the Accumulation of Polyethylene Terephthalate Nanoplastics. Molecules. 2024; 29(18):4380. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184380
Chicago/Turabian StyleBashirova, Narmin, Erik Butenschön, David Poppitz, Henrik Gaß, Marcus Halik, Doreen Dentel, Christoph Tegenkamp, Joerg Matysik, and A. Alia. 2024. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Monitoring of the Accumulation of Polyethylene Terephthalate Nanoplastics" Molecules 29, no. 18: 4380. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184380