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Organic and Metal–Organic Polymer-Based Catalysts—Enfant Terrible Companions or Good Assistants? †
by
Milan Králik
Milan Králik *,
Peter Koóš
Peter Koóš *,
Martin Markovič
Martin Markovič and
Pavol Lopatka
Pavol Lopatka
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Dedicated to the memory of Professor Benedetto Corain (1941–2014).
Molecules 2024, 29(19), 4623; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29194623 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 26 August 2024
/
Revised: 22 September 2024
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Accepted: 26 September 2024
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Published: 29 September 2024
Abstract
This overview provides insights into organic and metal–organic polymer (OMOP) catalysts aimed at processes carried out in the liquid phase. Various types of polymers are discussed, including vinyl (various functional poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) and perfluorinated functionalized hydrocarbons, e.g., Nafion), condensation (polyesters, -amides, -anilines, -imides), and additional (polyurethanes, and polyureas, polybenzimidazoles, polyporphyrins), prepared from organometal monomers. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and their composites represent a significant class of OMOP catalysts. Following this, the preparation, characterization, and application of dispersed metal catalysts are discussed. Key catalytic processes such as alkylation—used in large-scale applications like the production of alkyl-tert-butyl ether and bisphenol A—as well as reduction, oxidation, and other reactions, are highlighted. The versatile properties of COFs and MOFs, including well-defined nanometer-scale pores, large surface areas, and excellent chemisorption capabilities, make them highly promising for chemical, electrochemical, and photocatalytic applications. Particular emphasis is placed on their potential for CO2 treatment. However, a notable drawback of COF- and MOF-based catalysts is their relatively low stability in both alkaline and acidic environments, as well as their high cost. A special part is devoted to deactivation and the disposal of the used/deactivated catalysts, emphasizing the importance of separating heavy metals from catalysts. The conclusion provides guidance on selecting and developing OMOP-based catalysts.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Králik, M.; Koóš, P.; Markovič, M.; Lopatka, P.
Organic and Metal–Organic Polymer-Based Catalysts—Enfant Terrible Companions or Good Assistants? Molecules 2024, 29, 4623.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29194623
AMA Style
Králik M, Koóš P, Markovič M, Lopatka P.
Organic and Metal–Organic Polymer-Based Catalysts—Enfant Terrible Companions or Good Assistants? Molecules. 2024; 29(19):4623.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29194623
Chicago/Turabian Style
Králik, Milan, Peter Koóš, Martin Markovič, and Pavol Lopatka.
2024. "Organic and Metal–Organic Polymer-Based Catalysts—Enfant Terrible Companions or Good Assistants?" Molecules 29, no. 19: 4623.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29194623
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