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Article

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of Berberis vulgaris (L.) Stem Bark Dry Extract

by
Ionuț Mădălin Ivan
1,
Octavian Tudorel Olaru
1,*,
Violeta Popovici
2,*,
Carmen Lidia Chițescu
3,
Liliana Popescu
1,
Emanuela Alice Luță
1,
Elena Iuliana Ilie
1,
Lorelei Irina Brașoveanu
4,
Camelia Mia Hotnog
4,
George Mihai Nițulescu
1,
Rica Boscencu
1 and
Cerasela Elena Gîrd
1
1
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
2
Center for Mountain Economics, “Costin C. Kiriţescu” National Institute of Economic Research (INCE-CEMONT), Romanian Academy, 725700 Vatra-Dornei, Romania
3
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galați, A.I. Cuza 35, 800010 Galați, Romania
4
Center of Immunology, “Stefan S. Nicolau” Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, 285 Mihai Bravu Ave., 030304 Bucharest, Romania
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 2053; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092053
Submission received: 30 March 2024 / Revised: 26 April 2024 / Accepted: 27 April 2024 / Published: 29 April 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant-Sourced Natural Compounds as Anticancer Agents)
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Abstract

Berberis vulgaris (L.) has remarkable ethnopharmacological properties and is widely used in traditional medicine. The present study investigated B. vulgaris stem bark (Berberidis cortex) by extraction with 50% ethanol. The main secondary metabolites were quantified, resulting in a polyphenols content of 17.6780 ± 3.9320 mg Eq tannic acid/100 g extract, phenolic acids amount of 3.3886 ± 0.3481 mg Eq chlorogenic acid/100 g extract and 78.95 µg/g berberine. The dried hydro-ethanolic extract (BVE) was thoroughly analyzed using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC–HRMS/MS) and HPLC, and 40 bioactive phenolic constituents were identified. Then, the antioxidant potential of BVE was evaluated using three methods. Our results could explain the protective effects of Berberidis cortex EC50FRAP = 0.1398 mg/mL, IC50ABTS = 0.0442 mg/mL, IC50DPPH = 0.2610 mg/mL compared to ascorbic acid (IC50 = 0.0165 mg/mL). Next, the acute toxicity and teratogenicity of BVE and berberine—berberine sulfate hydrate (BS)—investigated on Daphnia sp. revealed significant BS toxicity after 24 h, while BVE revealed considerable toxicity after 48 h and induced embryonic developmental delays. Finally, the anticancer effects of BVE and BS were evaluated in different tumor cell lines after 24 and 48 h of treatments. The MTS assay evidenced dose- and time-dependent antiproliferative activity, which was higher for BS than BVE. The strongest diminution of tumor cell viability was recorded in the breast (MDA-MB-231), colon (LoVo) cancer, and OSCC (PE/CA-PJ49) cell lines after 48 h of exposure (IC50 < 100 µg/mL). However, no cytotoxicity was reported in the normal epithelial cells (HUVEC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HT-29) cell lines. Extensive data analysis supports our results, showing a significant correlation between the BVE concentration, phenolic compounds content, antioxidant activity, exposure time, and the viability rate of various normal cells and cancer cell lines.
Keywords: Berberis vulgaris (L.) stem bark; dry hydro-ethanolic extract; phenolic secondary metabolites; berberine; antioxidant activity; cytotoxicity Berberis vulgaris (L.) stem bark; dry hydro-ethanolic extract; phenolic secondary metabolites; berberine; antioxidant activity; cytotoxicity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ivan, I.M.; Olaru, O.T.; Popovici, V.; Chițescu, C.L.; Popescu, L.; Luță, E.A.; Ilie, E.I.; Brașoveanu, L.I.; Hotnog, C.M.; Nițulescu, G.M.; et al. Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of Berberis vulgaris (L.) Stem Bark Dry Extract. Molecules 2024, 29, 2053. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092053

AMA Style

Ivan IM, Olaru OT, Popovici V, Chițescu CL, Popescu L, Luță EA, Ilie EI, Brașoveanu LI, Hotnog CM, Nițulescu GM, et al. Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of Berberis vulgaris (L.) Stem Bark Dry Extract. Molecules. 2024; 29(9):2053. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092053

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ivan, Ionuț Mădălin, Octavian Tudorel Olaru, Violeta Popovici, Carmen Lidia Chițescu, Liliana Popescu, Emanuela Alice Luță, Elena Iuliana Ilie, Lorelei Irina Brașoveanu, Camelia Mia Hotnog, George Mihai Nițulescu, and et al. 2024. "Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of Berberis vulgaris (L.) Stem Bark Dry Extract" Molecules 29, no. 9: 2053. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092053

APA Style

Ivan, I. M., Olaru, O. T., Popovici, V., Chițescu, C. L., Popescu, L., Luță, E. A., Ilie, E. I., Brașoveanu, L. I., Hotnog, C. M., Nițulescu, G. M., Boscencu, R., & Gîrd, C. E. (2024). Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of Berberis vulgaris (L.) Stem Bark Dry Extract. Molecules, 29(9), 2053. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092053

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