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Review

Progress in Continuous Flow Synthesis of Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Material Synthons

by
Xingjun Yao
1,*,
Sanmiao Wen
1,
Ningning Ji
2,*,
Qiulin Deng
3,
Zhiliang Li
4,
Hongbing Wang
4 and
Qianqian Shang
1
1
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
2
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taishan University, Tai’an 271021, China
3
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
4
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2025, 30(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30010041
Submission received: 21 November 2024 / Revised: 12 December 2024 / Accepted: 23 December 2024 / Published: 26 December 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Chemistry)
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Abstract

Hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) materials are typically formed by the self-assembly of small organic units (synthons) with specific functional groups through hydrogen bonding or other interactions. HOF is commonly used as an electrolyte for batteries. Well-designed HOF materials can enhance the proton exchange rate, thereby boosting battery performance. This paper reviews recent advancements in the continuous synthesis of HOF synthons, in the continuous synthesis of HOF’s unit small molecules enabling the multi-step, rapid, and in situ synthesis of synthons, such as carboxylic acid, diaminotriazine (DAT), urea, guanidine, imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, thiazole, triazole, and tetrazole, with online monitoring. Continuous flow reactors facilitate fast chemical reactions and precise microfluidic control, offering superior reaction speed, product yield, and selectivity compared to batch processes. Integrating the continuous synthesis of synthons with the construction of HOF materials on a single platform is essential for achieving low-cost, safe, and efficient processing, especially for reactions involving toxic, flammable, or explosive substances.
Keywords: hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs); synthons; continuous flow; microreactor; microchannel hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs); synthons; continuous flow; microreactor; microchannel

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MDPI and ACS Style

Yao, X.; Wen, S.; Ji, N.; Deng, Q.; Li, Z.; Wang, H.; Shang, Q. Progress in Continuous Flow Synthesis of Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Material Synthons. Molecules 2025, 30, 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30010041

AMA Style

Yao X, Wen S, Ji N, Deng Q, Li Z, Wang H, Shang Q. Progress in Continuous Flow Synthesis of Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Material Synthons. Molecules. 2025; 30(1):41. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30010041

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yao, Xingjun, Sanmiao Wen, Ningning Ji, Qiulin Deng, Zhiliang Li, Hongbing Wang, and Qianqian Shang. 2025. "Progress in Continuous Flow Synthesis of Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Material Synthons" Molecules 30, no. 1: 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30010041

APA Style

Yao, X., Wen, S., Ji, N., Deng, Q., Li, Z., Wang, H., & Shang, Q. (2025). Progress in Continuous Flow Synthesis of Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Material Synthons. Molecules, 30(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30010041

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