Effect of Fiber Esterification on Fundamental Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Biocomposites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. FTIR Spectroscopy
2.2. Effect of Fiber Loading on the Tensile Properties of Biocomposites
2.3. Effect of Fiber Chemical Treatment on Tensile Properties
2.4. Effect of Fiber Loading on Flexural Properties of Untreated Composites
2.5. Effect of Fiber Loading and Chemical Modification on Thermal Properties of PBAT/EFB Biocomposites
2.6. Effect of Chemical Modification on Thermal Properties of PBAT/EFB Fiber Composites
2.7. Morphological Study of PBAT/EFB Biocomposite at 40% Fiber Loading
2.8. Morphological Study of PBAT/EFB Biocomposite after Fiber Modification
2.9. Effect of Fiber Loading and Fiber Chemical Modification on Water Absorption of PBAT/EFB Biocomposites
3. Experimental
3.1. Materials
3.2. Fiber Chemical Treatment
3.3. Preparation of the Composites
3.4. FTIR Spectroscopy
3.5. Biocomposites characterization
3.5.1. Mechanical Testing of Biocomposites
3.5.2. Thermal Behavior (Thermogravimetric Analysis, TGA)
3.5.3. Morphological Features
3.5.4. Water Absorption Test
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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PBAT/40 wt% EFB-g-SAH (High WPG *) | PBAT/40 wt% EFB-g-SAH(Low WPG *) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tensile Strength (MPa) | Tensile Modulus (MPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Tensile Modulus (MPa) | |||||
Peroxide Content (%) | BPO *** | DCP | BPO | DCP | BPO | DCP | BPO | DCP |
0 | 8.4 (0.77)** | 8.4 (0.77) | 109 (9.11) | 109 (9.18) | 8.8 (0.31) | 8.8 (0.31) | 154 (8.11) | 154 (8.10) |
0.5 | 9.0 (0.53) | 8.8 (0.73) | 139 (7.83) | 156 (6.53) | 9.9 (0.26) | 10.2 (0.36) | 194 (8.95) | 197 (9.42) |
1 | 9.6 (0.44) | 9.6 (0.91) | 143 (8.30) | 176 (8.94) | 10.1 (0.44) | 11.0 (0.29) | 200 (9.05) | 220 (9.10) |
1.5 | 9.8 (0.60) | 9.2 (0.61) | 134 (8.25) | 176 (7.20) | 10.2 (0.63) | 10.4 (0.62) | 198 (7.78) | 202 (7.51) |
Samples | Flexural Strength (MPa) | Flexural Modulus (MPa) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
PBAT | 5.9 | (0.31) * | 90 | (4.28) |
PBAT/EFB 10 wt% of fiber | 7.8 | (0.26) | 140 | (5.12) |
PBAT/EFB 20 wt% of fiber | 9.7 | (0.44) | 214 | (9.61) |
PBAT/EFB 30 wt% of fiber | 10.0 | (0.58) | 371 | (2.32) |
PBAT/EFB 40 wt% of fiber | 10.3 | (0.63) | 465 | (3.51) |
PBAT/EFB 50 wt% of fiber | 9.5 | (0.76) | 596 | (3.50) |
PBAT/40 wt% EFB-g-SAH ** | 10.4 | (0.92) | 473 | (2.91) |
PBAT/40 wt%EFB-g-SAH/DCP *** | 11.1 | (1.04) | 518 | (2.21) |
Specimens | First peak (°C) | Second peak (°C) | Third peak (°C) |
---|---|---|---|
PBAT | – | – | 379.6 |
PBAT/EFB10% | – | – | 386.1 |
PBAT/EFB20% | – | 305.5 | 383.3 |
PBAT/EFB30% | 88.0 | 307.5 | 382.2 |
PBAT/EFB40% | 88.8 | 307.0 | 380.9 |
PBAT/EFB50% | 79.5 | 307.2 | 379.4 |
Sample | Water content (%) | Initial degradation temperature (°C) * | T10% | T50% | T80% | Final degradation temperature (°C) | Ash content (%) * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PBAT | – | 311.5 | 352.8 | 381.3 | 398.4 | 413.3 | 4.4 |
PBAT/EFB10% | – | 280.4 | 339.7 | 382.8 | 399.2 | 431.7 | 6.7 |
PBAT/EFB20% | 1.3 | 248.8 | 302.3 | 378.0 | 398.6 | 432.5 | 9.1 |
PBAT/EFB30% | 2 | 210.2 | 276.7 | 373.6 | 401.5 | 440.2 | 11.2 |
PBAT/EFB40% | 3.9 | 153.3 | 275.2 | 371.1 | 400.2 | 443.6 | 12.2 |
PBAT/EFB50% | 3.4 | 148.2 | 233.3 | 360.2 | 398.8 | 447.7 | 17.7 |
Sample | Water content (%) | Initial degradation temperature (°C) * | T10% | T50% | T80% | Final degradation temperature (°C) | Ash content (%) ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neat PBAT | – | 311.5 | 352.8 | 381.3 | 398.4 | 413.3 | 4.4 |
PBAT/40%EFB | 3.9 | 153.3 | 275.2 | 371.1 | 400.2 | 443.6 | 12.2 |
PBAT/EFB-g-SAH/1%DCP | 2.0 | 136.8 | 267.1 | 378.7 | 446.4 | 450.2 | 14.8 |
Specimens | First peak (°C) | Second peak (°C) | Third peak (°C) | Fourth peak (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PBAT | – | – | – | 379.6 |
PBAT/40%EFB | 88.8 | – | 307.0 | 380.9 |
PBAT/40%EFB-g-SAH/1%DCP | 86.5 | 249.7 | 316.6 | 388.2 |
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Siyamak, S.; Ibrahim, N.A.; Abdolmohammadi, S.; Yunus, W.M.Z.W.; Rahman, M.Z.A. Effect of Fiber Esterification on Fundamental Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Biocomposites. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 1327-1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13021327
Siyamak S, Ibrahim NA, Abdolmohammadi S, Yunus WMZW, Rahman MZA. Effect of Fiber Esterification on Fundamental Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Biocomposites. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(2):1327-1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13021327
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiyamak, Samira, Nor Azowa Ibrahim, Sanaz Abdolmohammadi, Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus, and Mohamad Zaki AB Rahman. 2012. "Effect of Fiber Esterification on Fundamental Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Biocomposites" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, no. 2: 1327-1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13021327