Antibacterial Activity of Ciprofloxacin-Encapsulated Cockle Shells Calcium Carbonate (Aragonite) Nanoparticles and Its Biocompatability in Macrophage J774A.1
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Preparation of Nanoparticles
2.2. Ciprofloxacin-Loading and Encapsulation Efficiency
2.3. Characterization and Stability of Ciprofloxacin–Nanoparticles
2.4. Biocompatibility Evaluation
2.4.1. Immunogenicity Assessment
2.4.2. Viability Test
2.4.3. Genotoxicity Test
2.5. Antibacterial Activity
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents, Chemicals and Media
3.2. Bacterial Strain
3.3. Top-Down Synthesis of Cockle Shells Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles
3.4. Drug Loading and Encapsulation
3.5. Transmission Electron Microscopy
3.6. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope
3.7. ζ Potential
3.8. X-ray Powder Diffraction
3.9. In Vitro Biocompatibility Assays
3.9.1. Cell Culture
3.9.2. RNA Extraction and RT-PCR
3.9.3. MTT—Viability Assay
3.9.4. BrdU (ELISA) Genotoxicity Assay
3.10. In Vitro Antibacterial Susceptibility Test
3.10.1. Preparation of Drugs Stock Solutions
3.10.2. Disc Diffusion Susceptibility Assay
3.11. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Formulations | C-CSCCAN | Ciprofloxacin | CSCCAN |
---|---|---|---|
Tested Bact. | - | - | - |
S. Typhimurium | 18.6 ± 0.5 | 11.7 ± 0.9 | N/I |
Gene Name | IL-1β |
Forward Primer Sequences | GCTGCTTCCAAACCTTTGAC |
Reverse Primer Sequence | GCTTGTGCTCTGCTTGTGAG |
Gene Name | β-Actin |
Forward Primer Sequences | CATGAGGCTTATATCCTTGC |
Reverse Primer Sequence | TAAAAGGCACTTTGTCCACT |
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Isa, T.; Zakaria, Z.A.B.; Rukayadi, Y.; Mohd Hezmee, M.N.; Jaji, A.Z.; Imam, M.U.; Hammadi, N.I.; Mahmood, S.K. Antibacterial Activity of Ciprofloxacin-Encapsulated Cockle Shells Calcium Carbonate (Aragonite) Nanoparticles and Its Biocompatability in Macrophage J774A.1. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17050713
Isa T, Zakaria ZAB, Rukayadi Y, Mohd Hezmee MN, Jaji AZ, Imam MU, Hammadi NI, Mahmood SK. Antibacterial Activity of Ciprofloxacin-Encapsulated Cockle Shells Calcium Carbonate (Aragonite) Nanoparticles and Its Biocompatability in Macrophage J774A.1. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(5):713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17050713
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsa, Tijani, Zuki Abu Bakar Zakaria, Yaya Rukayadi, Mohd Noor Mohd Hezmee, Alhaji Zubair Jaji, Mustapha Umar Imam, Nahidah Ibrahim Hammadi, and Saffanah Khuder Mahmood. 2016. "Antibacterial Activity of Ciprofloxacin-Encapsulated Cockle Shells Calcium Carbonate (Aragonite) Nanoparticles and Its Biocompatability in Macrophage J774A.1" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 5: 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17050713