Spirulina maxima Extract Ameliorates Learning and Memory Impairments via Inhibiting GSK-3β Phosphorylation Induced by Intracerebroventricular Injection of Amyloid-β 1–42 in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. SM70EE Ameliorates Learning and Memory Impairments via Inhibiting Aβ Accumulation Induced by I.C.V. Injection of Aβ1–42 in Mice
2.2. SM70EE Suppresses Hippocampal Oxidative Stress via Upregulating Antioxidant Enzymes Reduced by I.C.V. Injection of Aβ1–42
2.3. SM70EE Inhibits Phosphorylation of GSK-3β in Mouse Hippocampus via Promoting the Activation of the BDNF/PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways Reduced by I.C.V. Injection of Aβ1–42
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Animals and Experimental Design
4.3. I.C.V. Injection of Aβ1–42
4.4. Passive Avoidance Test
4.5. Morris Water Maze Test
4.6. Biochemical Analysis
4.7. Western Blot Analysis
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Koh, E.-J.; Kim, K.-J.; Song, J.-H.; Choi, J.; Lee, H.Y.; Kang, D.-H.; Heo, H.J.; Lee, B.-Y. Spirulina maxima Extract Ameliorates Learning and Memory Impairments via Inhibiting GSK-3β Phosphorylation Induced by Intracerebroventricular Injection of Amyloid-β 1–42 in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18112401
Koh E-J, Kim K-J, Song J-H, Choi J, Lee HY, Kang D-H, Heo HJ, Lee B-Y. Spirulina maxima Extract Ameliorates Learning and Memory Impairments via Inhibiting GSK-3β Phosphorylation Induced by Intracerebroventricular Injection of Amyloid-β 1–42 in Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(11):2401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18112401
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoh, Eun-Jeong, Kui-Jin Kim, Ji-Hyeon Song, Jia Choi, Hyeon Yong Lee, Do-Hyung Kang, Ho Jin Heo, and Boo-Yong Lee. 2017. "Spirulina maxima Extract Ameliorates Learning and Memory Impairments via Inhibiting GSK-3β Phosphorylation Induced by Intracerebroventricular Injection of Amyloid-β 1–42 in Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 11: 2401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18112401