Characterization of Active Anthocyanin Degradation in the Petals of Rosa chinensis and Brunfelsia calycina Reveals the Effect of Gallated Catechins on Pigment Maintenance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Anthocyanin Degradation Was Found in B. calycina but Not in R. chinensis during Flower Development
2.2. High H2O2-Dependent Anthocyanin Degradation Enzyme Activity Was Found in the Petals of B. calycina but Not in R. chinensis during Flower Development
2.3. Peroxidase and Polyphenol Oxidase Activities during the Flower Development
2.4. Low pH and High Levels of Tannins Were Found for the Anthocyanin Accumulating Cells of R. chinensis but Not B. calycina
2.5. Tannin Contents in the Flowers Was Found to be Related to the Preservation of Anthocyanins during Flower Development
2.6. ECG and GCG, but not Catechin (C) and EC, Showed High Efficacy of Inhibition on POD Activities and Increased the Colour Intensity of the Anthocyanins In Vitro
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Measurement of Anthocyanin Content
4.3. Measurement of Total Phenolic and Tannin Content
4.4. Tissue Cell Sap pH Measurement and In Vivo Vacuolar Acidity Prediction by Neutral Red Staining and Microscopy
4.5. Vanillin Staining of Tannins in the Petals
4.6. Quantification of Tannin Constituents by HPLC
4.7. Extraction of Crude Enzyme, SDS-PAGE and Immunodetection
4.8. Peroxidase Activity Assay
4.9. Polyphenol Oxidase Activity Assay
4.10. Anthocyanin Degradation Enzyme (ADE) Substrate Preparation and Activity Assay
4.11. POD Purification from B. calycina Flower Petals
4.12. Measurement of IC50 and Km Values of Tannin Constituents on B. calycina POD Activity
4.13. Determination of the Effect of Tannin Constituents on Colour Intensities of Anthocyanins
4.14. Statistical Analyses
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Luo, H.; Deng, S.; Fu, W.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, Z.; Pang, X. Characterization of Active Anthocyanin Degradation in the Petals of Rosa chinensis and Brunfelsia calycina Reveals the Effect of Gallated Catechins on Pigment Maintenance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040699
Luo H, Deng S, Fu W, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Pang X. Characterization of Active Anthocyanin Degradation in the Petals of Rosa chinensis and Brunfelsia calycina Reveals the Effect of Gallated Catechins on Pigment Maintenance. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(4):699. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040699
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Honghui, Shuangfan Deng, Wei Fu, Xin Zhang, Xuelian Zhang, Zhaoqi Zhang, and Xuequn Pang. 2017. "Characterization of Active Anthocyanin Degradation in the Petals of Rosa chinensis and Brunfelsia calycina Reveals the Effect of Gallated Catechins on Pigment Maintenance" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 4: 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040699