Galectin-9 Is a Possible Promoter of Immunopathology in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Activation of Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD-4) in Granulocytes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Gal-9 Is Elevated in Serum of RA Patients and Correlates with Certain Clinical Parameters
2.2. Gal-9 Induces CRD-Dependent Activation of Granulocytes
2.3. Gal-9 Activates Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Leading to Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) Expression
2.4. Gal-9 Induces Anti-Microbial Inflammatory Responses In Vitro
2.5. Gal-9 Induces Autoimmune Inflammatory Responses In Vitro
3. Discussion
4. Patients, Materials, and Methods
4.1. Patients and Control Subjects
4.2. Serology
4.3. Isolation of Human Leukocytes
4.4. Galectin-9 (Gal-9)
4.5. Gal-9 Binding Assays
4.6. Granulocyte Activation and Viability Assays
4.7. ICAM-1 Expression Assays
4.8. Cell Migration Assays
4.9. Phagocytosis Assays
4.10. ELISAs on Granulocyte Supernatants
4.11. RTqPCR, PCR, and Gel Electrophoresis
4.12. PAD-4 and Citrulline Western Blots and Mass Spectrometry
4.13. PAD-4 Activity Assay
4.14. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wiersma, V.R.; Clarke, A.; Pouwels, S.D.; Perry, E.; Abdullah, T.M.; Kelly, C.; Soyza, A.D.; Hutchinson, D.; Eggleton, P.; Bremer, E. Galectin-9 Is a Possible Promoter of Immunopathology in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Activation of Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD-4) in Granulocytes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 4046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20164046
Wiersma VR, Clarke A, Pouwels SD, Perry E, Abdullah TM, Kelly C, Soyza AD, Hutchinson D, Eggleton P, Bremer E. Galectin-9 Is a Possible Promoter of Immunopathology in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Activation of Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD-4) in Granulocytes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(16):4046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20164046
Chicago/Turabian StyleWiersma, Valerie R., Alex Clarke, Simon D. Pouwels, Elizabeth Perry, Trefa M. Abdullah, Clive Kelly, Anthony De Soyza, David Hutchinson, Paul Eggleton, and Edwin Bremer. 2019. "Galectin-9 Is a Possible Promoter of Immunopathology in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Activation of Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD-4) in Granulocytes" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 16: 4046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20164046