Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Autoimmune Diseases: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Disease Susceptibility and Phenotype
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Staphylococcus aureus: General Aspects
3. Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage: Interplay with the Immune System
4. Staphylococcus aureus and Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
5. Staphylococcus aureus and Other Autoimmune Diseases
6. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Autoimmune diseases | ADs |
Rheumatoid arthritis | RA |
Systemic lupus erythematosus | SLE |
Staphylococcus aureus | S. aureus |
Toll-like receptor 2 | TL2 |
Stimulator of IFN Genes | STING |
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis | GPA |
Upper respiratory tract | URT |
References
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Resource | |
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Surface Structures [17] |
|
Exotoxins [20,21] |
|
Exoenzymes [20] |
|
Infections | Details |
---|---|
Skin and Soft Tissues Infections [24,25,26,27,28] | From benign to life threating conditions (impetigo, cellulitis, surgical sites infections, cutaneous abscesses, purulent cellulitis) |
Osteoarticular Infections [29,30,31,32,33,34] | Osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, prosthetic joint infections |
Pleuropulmonary Infections [35,36,37,38] | Predominant role in hospital-acquired pneumonias in comparison to community-acquired ones. |
Bacteremia [39,40,41] | Direct evolution of a local infection |
Meningitis [42,43,44] | Complication of a primary non-central nervous system infection |
Epidural Abscesses [45,46] | Rare intracranial or spinal condition, recognized in USA as second most common infection due to malpractice |
Toxic shock Syndrome [47,48,49] | Sustained by super antigen-mediated process, linked to toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, able to activate T-cells, with massive cytokine release |
Infective Endocarditis [50,51,52] | Observed in a proportion of S. aureus infected patients ranging from 16% to 34% |
Cardiac Devices Infections [53,54] | Directly occurring during implantation or indirectly via haematogenous seeding from a distant source |
Intravascular Catheter Infections [55,56,57] | Potentially leading to a bacterial spreading in the bloodstream, configuring the so-called central line-associated blood stream infection (mortality rate 7–21%) |
Urinary Tract Infections [58,59] | Frequent in case of indwelling urinary catheter |
Septic Thrombophlebitis [60,61] | Reported in up to 8% of all patients with bacteriema |
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Ceccarelli, F.; Perricone, C.; Olivieri, G.; Cipriano, E.; Spinelli, F.R.; Valesini, G.; Conti, F. Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Autoimmune Diseases: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Disease Susceptibility and Phenotype. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225624
Ceccarelli F, Perricone C, Olivieri G, Cipriano E, Spinelli FR, Valesini G, Conti F. Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Autoimmune Diseases: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Disease Susceptibility and Phenotype. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(22):5624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225624
Chicago/Turabian StyleCeccarelli, Fulvia, Carlo Perricone, Giulio Olivieri, Enrica Cipriano, Francesca Romana Spinelli, Guido Valesini, and Fabrizio Conti. 2019. "Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Autoimmune Diseases: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Disease Susceptibility and Phenotype" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22: 5624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225624