Influence of Thermal Pollution on the Physiological Conditions and Bioaccumulation of Metals, Metalloids, and Trace Metals in Whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Habitat Conditions
2.2. Physiological Condition
2.3. Bioaccumulation
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Water Sample Collection
3.2. Concentrations of Metals, Metalloids, and Trace Metals in Fish Organs and Tissues
3.3. Physiological Condition
3.4. Statistical Analysis and Data Presentation
4. Discussion
4.1. Permeation, Metabolism, and Bioaccumulation of Metals, Metalloids, and Trace Metals Associated with Respiratory Activity and Ion Regulation
4.2. Metabolism and Bioaccumulation of Metals, Metalloids, and Trace Metals Associated with Somatic Growth
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metal | Water | Gills | Liver | Kidney | Muscles | Skeleton |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
μg/L | μg/g Dry Weight | |||||
Ca | 3740 | 30,991 ± 2232 | 654 ± 180 | 880 ± 147 | 2369 ± 891 | 155,291 ± 1500 |
3590 | 31,909 ± 1840 | 627 ± 161 | 1318 ± 283 | 1006 ± 310 | 148,031 ± 3047 | |
Mg | 1120 | 1083 ± 73 | 713 ± 73 | 883 ± 91 | 1367 ± 76 | 2033 ± 30 |
1090 | 1163 ± 34 | 878 ± 37 | 1307 ± 131 | 1233 ± 65 | 2120 ± 37 | |
Na | 7270 | 6418 ± 449 | 3558 ± 387 | 6536 ± 556 | 815 ± 96 | 7055 ± 163 |
6250 | 5745 ± 347 | 5316 ± 431 | 8979 ± 469 | 834 ± 59 | 6577 ± 106 | |
K | 1470 | 9941 ± 458 | 10,276 ± 562 | 10,583 ± 1235 | 18,264 ± 1111 | 3086 ± 220 |
1300 | 10,080 ± 534 | 12,105 ± 835 | 12,088 ± 826 | 17,646 ± 1216 | 3850 ± 188 | |
S | 5300 | 10,857 ± 340 | 10,684 ± 621 | 10,924 ± 912 | 10,479 ± 85 | 4613 ± 140 |
4245 | 10,712 ± 225 | 11,946 ± 390 | 11,096 ± 514 | 9679 ± 339 | 4632 ± 220 | |
P | 0.8 | 26,150 ± 1601 | 14,099 ± 985 | 14,031 ± 1248 | 12,724 ± 964 | 83,475 ± 960 |
0.8 | 26,587 ± 660 | 17,878 ± 679 | 16,413 ± 514 | 11,675 ± 865 | 78,618 ± 1495 | |
Fe | 6.1 | 168 ± 14 | 155 ± 19 | 289 ± 39 | 13.9 ± 2.6 | 13.3 ± 4.3 |
13.9 | 385 ± 57 | 172 ± 23 | 310 ± 24 | 13.0 ± 2.8 | 12.6 ± 3.3 | |
Zn | 0.44 | 504 ± 122 | 290 ± 82 | 231 ± 29 | 19.3 ± 1.3 | 120 ± 12 |
2.65 | 713 ± 113 | 334 ± 78 | 274 ± 43 | 17.6 ± 1.3 | 141 ± 16 | |
Cu | 2.3 | 3.0 ± 0.4 | 68.1 ± 11.3 | 27.6 ± 16.5 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 |
2.8 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 32.9 ± 7.4 | 10.2 ± 0.9 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | |
Mn | 1.3 | 19.6 ± 4.4 | 7.21 ± 0.53 | 3.98 ± 0.82 | 2.23 ± 1.32 | 49.7 ± 13.8 |
1.4 | 25.0 ± 5.3 | 8.62 ± 0.38 | 4.27 ± 0.40 | 0.84 ± 0.07 | 36.9 ± 3.8 | |
Co | <0.1 | <0.04 (0.10) | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 1.09 ± 0.22 | <0.04 | <0.04 |
<0.1 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.74 ± 0.16 | <0.04 | <0.04 | |
Se | <0.3 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 8.7 ± 0.3 | 9.4 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 0.3 |
<0.3 | 6.0 ± 0.4 | 14.2 ± 1.8 | 11.6 ± 0.7 | 6.1 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | |
Mo | 1.03 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.67 ± 0.07 | 0.59 ± 0.08 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.18 ± 0.03 |
0.74 | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 0.73 ± 0.07 | 0.94 ± 0.13 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.34 ± 0.07 | |
B | <8 | <0.3 (3.7) | <0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | <0.3 (0.5) | <0.3 |
<8 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | <0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | |
Br | 12.3 | 65.5 ± 18.7 | 46.0 ± 7.1 | 50.8 ± 5.7 | 38.0 ± 8.6 | 32.8 ± 16.1 |
8.8 | 72.9 ± 13.3 | 54.2 ± 7.5 | 110 ± 22.6 | 37.6 ± 5.9 | 80.2 ± 15.1 | |
Cr | <0.5 | <0.3 (3.7) | <0.3 | <0.3 | <0.3 | <0.3 (0.6) |
<0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | <0.3 | <0.3 | <0.3 | <0.3 (0.7) | |
Ni | 1.5 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | <0.1 |
1.3 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 7.6 ± 1.5 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | |
Si | 1.27 | 54.8 ± 20.5 | 18.5 ± 1.1 | 40.7 ± 7.6 | 18.4 ± 1.2 | 12.5 ± 1.2 |
1.38 | 272 ± 38.4 | 13.1 ± 0.8 | 68.9 ± 7.2 | 15.0 ± 3.2 | 13.1 ± 4.6 | |
Li | 0.54 | 0.017 ± 0.005 | 0.002 ± 0.002 | 0.006 ± 0.003 | <0.003 (0.008) | 0.026 ± 0.003 |
0.58 | 0.095 ± 0.016 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.016 ± 0.003 | <0.003 | 0.030 ± 0.005 |
Metal | Water | Gills | Liver | Kidney | Muscles | Skeleton |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
μg/L | μg/g Dry Weight | |||||
Hg | <0.01 | 0.064 ± 0.006 | 0.162 ± 0.021 | 0.200 ± 0.022 | 0.098 ± 0.021 | 0.018 ± 0.006 |
<0.01 | 0.069 ± 0.009 | 0.120 ± 0.007 | 0.193 ± 0.025 | 0.099 ± 0.025 | 0.033 ± 0.003 | |
Tl | 0.001 | 0.042 ± 0.003 | 0.473 ± 0.054 | 0.231 ± 0.111 | 0.031 ± 0.004 | 0.020 ± 0.002 |
0.002 | 0.045 ± 0.006 | 0.564 ± 0.119 | 0.100 ± 0.025 | 0.032 ± 0.006 | 0.025 ± 0.004 | |
Be | <0.006 | <0.002 | <0.002 | 0.023 ± 0.023 | <0.002 | <0.002 |
<0.006 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 | |
Cd | <0.004 | 0.076 ± 0.014 | 0.172 ± 0.034 | 2.01 ± 0.49 | <0.004 | 0.013 ± 0.003 |
<0.004 | 0.057 ± 0.007 | 0.250 ± 0.041 | 3.46 ± 0.35 | <0.004 | 0.008 ± 0.002 | |
Pb | 1.43 | 0.24 ± 0.10 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 |
0.2 | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.004 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | |
Ag | <0.005 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.100 ± 0.024 | 0.039 ± 0.029 | <0.002 | <0.002 |
<0.005 | 0.012 ± 0.007 | 0.068 ± 0.011 | 0.013 ± 0.004 | 0.002 ± 0.002 | 0.016 ± 0.011 | |
W | 0.044 | 0.034 ± 0.006 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.040 ± 0.012 | 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.158 ± 0.029 |
0.031 | 0.040 ± 0.009 | 0.007 ± 0.001 | 0.077 ± 0.012 | <0.002 | 0.155 ± 0.029 | |
V | 0.13 | <0.2 (0.4) | <0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | <0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 |
0.09 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | <0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | |
Te | <0.006 | <0.004 | 0.012 ± 0.003 | 0.031 ± 0.007 | <0.004 | <0.004 |
<0.006 | 0.008 ± 0.001 | 0.016 ± 0.002 | 0.034 ± 0.005 | <0.004 | <0.004 | |
Sb | 0.042 | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 | 0.016 ± 0.006 |
0.037 | 0.004 ± 0.0004 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.005 ± 0.0005 | <0.002 (0.007) | 0.017 ± 0.007 | |
Bi | <0.004 | 0.0021 ± 0.0005 | 0.0022 ± 0.0010 | 0.0109 ± 0.0082 | 0.0005 ± 0.0002 | 0.0009 ± 0.0003 |
<0.004 | 0.0026 ± 0.0004 | 0.0012 ± 0.0002 | 0.0037 ± 0.0006 | 0.0010 ± 0.0002 | 0.0017 ± 0.0006 | |
As | <0.007 | 0.15 ± 0.09 | 0.31 ± 0.26 | 0.21 ± 0.11 | <0.04 | 0.21 ± 0.13 |
<0.007 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.04 | |
Sr | 44.2 | 225 ± 23 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 5.9 ± 0.9 | 16.5 ± 6.5 | 1083 ± 127 |
36.7 | 182 ± 11 | 5.2 ± 1.7 | 9.2 ± 2.1 | 4.1 ± 1.5 | 812 ± 46 | |
Al | 7.6 | 16.5 ± 7.9 | 7.3 ± 1.3 | 10.8 ± 2.3 | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 5.0 ± 0.7 |
12.3 | 195 ± 36 | 14.2 ± 3.2 | 22.0 ± 3.7 | 7.0 ± 4.7 | 10.9 ± 3.2 | |
Ti | <0.5 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | <0.5 (1.2) | <0.5 (2.0) | <0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.4 |
<0.5 | 16.7 ± 2.8 | <0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | <0.5 | 3.0±0.9 | |
Zr | 0.004 | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 |
0.012 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | <0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | |
Rb | 2.03 | 35.0 ± 1.7 | 41.0 ± 3.7 | 40.4 ± 4.8 | 50.3 ± 3.3 | 9.5 ± 0.7 |
1.66 | 23.0 ± 2.0 | 31.6 ± 2.2 | 27.1 ± 2.0 | 31.1 ± 4.1 | 7.5 ± 0.5 | |
Sn | <0.012 | <0.005 | 0.005 ± 0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 |
0.045 | 0.022 ± 0.017 | 0.008 ± 0.007 | 0.014 ± 0.007 | <0.005 (0.017) | 0.019 ± 0.007 | |
Ba | 4.47 | 3.16 ± 0.51 | 0.47 ± 0.09 | 0.90 ± 1.86 | 0.37 ± 0.12 | 8.17 ± 0.93 |
6.13 | 5.37 ± 0.94 | 0.41 ± 0.08 | 1.55 ± 0.22 | 0.43 ± 0.12 | 11.4 ± 1.62 | |
U | 0.036 | 0.017 ± 0.002 | 0.006 ± 0.001 | 0.028 ± 0.010 | 0.007 ± 0.003 | 0.034 ± 0.004 |
0.039 | 0.028 ± 0.004 | 0.009 ± 0.002 | 0.029 ± 0.006 | 0.004 ± 0.002 | 0.064 ± 0.011 | |
Cs | 0.012 | 0.156 ± 0.009 | 0.150 ± 0.028 | 0.232 ± 0.038 | 0.231 ± 0.021 | 0.059 ± 0.010 |
0.046 | 0.174 ± 0.026 | 0.123 ± 0.034 | 0.304 ± 0.115 | 0.139 ± 0.024 | 0.042 ± 0.004 |
Element | Gills | Liver | Kidney | Muscles | Skeleton |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hb | |||||
Na | – | – | −0.683 ** | – | – |
P | – | −0.590 * | – | – | – |
Cu | – | – | 0.627 * | – | – |
Tl | – | – | 0.600 * | – | – |
Te | −0.649 * | – | – | – | – |
Sb | −0.630 * | −0.627 * | −0.659 ** | – | – |
Sr | 0.743 *** | – | – | – | 0.838 **** |
Zr | – | 0.655 ** | – | – | 0.703 *** |
Rb | 0.759 *** | – | 0.675 ** | 0.776 *** | – |
FCF | |||||
Na | – | – | −0.676 ** | – | – |
Fe | −0.635 * | – | – | – | – |
Cu | – | 0.640 * | – | – | – |
Co | −0.681 ** | – | – | – | – |
Se | – | −0.738 *** | −0.596 * | – | – |
Mo | −0.683 ** | – | −0.635 * | −0.602 * | −0.607 * |
B | −0.674 ** | – | – | – | −0.692 ** |
Cr | −0.659 * | – | – | – | – |
Ni | – | – | −0.575 * | – | −0.905 **** |
Si | – | 0.638 * | −0.659 ** | – | – |
Li | −0.694 ** | – | – | – | – |
Be | −0.637 * | – | – | – | – |
Ag | −0.669 ** | – | – | – | −0.697 ** |
W | – | −0.626 * | – | – | – |
Sb | −0.627 * | −0.641 * | – | – | – |
Al | −0.651 ** | – | – | – | – |
Ti | −0.603 * | – | – | – | – |
Zr | – | 0.619 * | – | – | 0.728 *** |
Rb | −0.600 * | – | – | – | – |
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Gashkina, N.A.; Moiseenko, T.I. Influence of Thermal Pollution on the Physiological Conditions and Bioaccumulation of Metals, Metalloids, and Trace Metals in Whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 4343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124343
Gashkina NA, Moiseenko TI. Influence of Thermal Pollution on the Physiological Conditions and Bioaccumulation of Metals, Metalloids, and Trace Metals in Whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(12):4343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124343
Chicago/Turabian StyleGashkina, Natalia A., and Tatyana I. Moiseenko. 2020. "Influence of Thermal Pollution on the Physiological Conditions and Bioaccumulation of Metals, Metalloids, and Trace Metals in Whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 12: 4343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124343