Data on Adiponectin from 2010 to 2020: Therapeutic Target and Prognostic Factor for Liver Diseases?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Characteristics and Isoforms of Adiponectin in Liver Diseases
1.2. Source of Adiponectin in Liver Diseases
1.3. Adiponectin Receptors in Liver Diseases
2. Adiponectin Effects on Hepatic Damage and Regenerative Failure Associated with Hepatic I/R
3. Anti-Steatotic Effects of Adiponectin in Liver Diseases
4. Relationship between Adiponectin and Leptin in Fibrogenesis
5. Pharmacological Strategies Regulating the Action of Adiponectin on Hepatic Damage and Regenerative Failure Associated with Hepatic I/R
6. Pharmacological Strategies to Regulate Adiponectin Action in Liver Diseases and the Absence of Hepatic I/R
7. Adiponectin as a Prognostic Factor in Liver Diseases
8. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACC | Acetyl-CoA carboxylase |
AdipoQ | Adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing |
AdipoR1/R2 | Adiponectin receptor type 1/2 |
And-/- | Adiponectin knockout |
AICAR | Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside |
Akt | Protein kinase B |
ALD | Alcoholic liver disease |
ALT | Alanine aminotransferase |
AMPK | Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
Ang | Angiotensin |
APPL1 | Adaptor protein |
ATF6 | Activating transcription factor 6 |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
CCL2 | C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 |
CHIP | C-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein |
CPT-1 | Carnitine palmitoyl- transferase 1 |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
CXCL-10 | C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 |
Cyp7a1 | Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase |
EC | Endothelial cell |
eNOS | Endothelial nitric oxide synthase |
ER | Endoplasmic reticulum |
ET | Endothelin |
FA | Focal adhesion |
FAK | Focal adhesion kinase |
Fas | Fas-associated death domain |
Fe | Iron |
FGF2 | Fibroblast growth factor 2 |
FGF15/19 | Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 |
FOXO | Forkhead box protein O |
FXR | Farsenoid-X receptor |
gAcrp30 | Globular adiponectin |
GSH | Glutathione |
h | Hours |
HCC | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
HFD | High fat diet |
HMW | High molecular weight |
HO-1 | Heme oxygenase-1 |
HOMA-IR | Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance |
HSC | Hepatic stellate cells |
I/R | Ischemia/reperfusion |
ICAM | Intercellular cell adhesion molecule |
IFN | Interferon |
IL | Interleukin |
IRE1 | Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 |
Jak2 | Janus kinase 2 |
JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
KC | Kupffer cells |
Ki-67 | Antigen Ki-67, a marker of proliferation |
KO | Knockout |
LCN2/SAA1 | Lipocalin-2/serum amyloid A1 |
LKB1 | Liver kinase B1 |
LMW | Low molecular weight |
LT | Liver transplantation |
MCD | Methionine-choline deficiency |
min | Minutes |
mLipin-1 | Myeloid cell-specific lipin-1 |
MMP-1 | Matrix metalloproteinase 1 |
MMW | Middle molecular weight |
mNT | MitoNEET |
MPO | Myeloperoxidase |
m-TOR | Mammalian target of rapamycin |
MyD88 | Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 |
NAFLD | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
NASH | Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells |
NO | Nitric oxide |
O2 | Superoxide |
ONOO- | Peroxynitrite |
p38 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 |
PDGF-BB | Platelet-derived growth factor-BB |
PERK | Protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase |
PI3K | Phosphoinositide 3-kinase |
PPAR | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor |
PTP1B | Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B |
RBP4 | Retinol binding protein 4 |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
siRNA | Silent small interfering RNA |
SIRT1 | Sirtuin-1 |
α-SMA | α-smooth muscle actin |
SOCS3 | Suppressors of cytokine signaling 3 |
SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
SREBP-1c | Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c |
STAT3 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 |
TGF-β | Tumor growth factor beta |
TIMP-1 | Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 |
TLR4 | Toll-like receptor 4 |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor alpha |
TRAF6 | TNF receptor-associated factor 6 |
TRIF | TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β |
UPC2 | Uncoupling protein 2 |
UPR | Unfolded protein response |
X/XOD | Xanthine/Xanthine oxidase |
XOD | Xanthine oxidase |
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Treatment | Isoform and Receptor | Type of Liver and Specie | Surgical Condition | Effect and Signaling Pathways |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adiponectin recombinant (Rat Acrp30) [16] | Not reported | Steatotic and non-steatotic livers from Zucker rats | LT Ischemia: 6 h Reperfusion: 4 h | ↓ Hepatic injury and mortality ↑ Ki-67 Adiponectin-↑ Resistin-↑ PI3K/Akt |
Dietary model [17] | Not reported; AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 | Steatotic livers from Sprague-Dawley MCD or HFD rat | Partial (70%) hepatectomy | ↓ AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 ↑ Hepatic adiponectin, TNF-α, AMPK AdipoR1-↑ AMPK in MCD and HFD AdipoR2-↓ PPARα in MCD |
Adiponectin (-/-) [31] | Not reported | Livers from B6.129-Adipoqtm1Cha knockout mice | Partial hepatectomy | ↓ Regeneration by controlling cell cycle progression, cytokine signaling and growth factor bioavailability Adiponectin-↑ STAT3 |
Adiponectin recombinant [60] | Not reported | Livers from Wistar rats | Partial warm ischemia Ischemia: 60 min Reperfusion: 6, 24 h | ↓ Hepatic injury, inflammatory cell infiltration, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2, CXCL10, ICAM1, apoptosis Adiponectin-↑ AMPK/eNOS |
Adiponectin recombinant and supplementation (Rat gAcrp30) [61] | Not reported | Livers from Wistar rats | Chronic intermittent hypoxia events for 8 h per day for 4 months | ↓ Hepatic injury, ROS production, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides Adiponectin-↑ AMPK |
Adiponectin recombinant (Rat gAcrp30) [62] | Not reported | Livers from Sprague-Dawley rats | LT Ischemia: 30 min Reperfusion: 3, 6, 12, 24 h | ↓ Bile duct injury and apoptosis, Fas, caspase 3, TNF-α, NF-κB activation, MPO, IL-6 Adiponectin-↓ NF-κB |
Treatment | Isoform and Receptor | Type of Liver and Specie | Surgical Condition | Effect and Signaling Pathways |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adiponectin recombinant (Human gAcrp30) [66] | HMW and Adipo R1 and AdipoR2 | KC and RAW 264.7 macrophages from Wistar rats with chronic ethanol-feeding | Cell culture | ↓ TLR4 (/MyD88), IFN-β, CXCL10 Adiponectin–↓ TLR4 |
CHIP (-/-) [68] | Not reported; AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 | Livers from CHIP knockout mice | Cell culture | ↓ Oxidative stress and JNK ↑ Adiponectin, AdipoR1, AdipoR2, AMPK and FOXO Adiponectin-↑ AMPK-FOXO |
mLipin-1 (-/-) (Human gAcrp30) [69] | HMW; AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 | Livers from mLipin-1 knockout mice with chronic ethanol-feeding | NA | ↓ Hepatic injury, inflammation, NF-κB, ↑ Adiponectin, AdipoR1, AdipoR2 and FGF15 Adiponectin-↑ FGF15 signaling |
mNT (-/-) [70] | Not reported | mNT knockout mice with chronic ethanol-feeding | NA | ↓ Hepatic injury, NF-κB, oxidative stress ↑ Adiponectin, FGF15, Sirt1 Adiponectin-↑ FGF15 signaling |
Pioglitazone [75] | Not reported | NASH patients | NA | ↓ Hepatic steatosis and necroinflammation ↑ Adiponectin Adiponectin-↓ NF-κB/JNK |
Rosiglitazone [78] | HMW; AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 | Livers from C57BL/6J mice with ethanol-feeding | NA | ↓ Hepatic injury, steatosis, lipogenesis ↑ Adiponectin and hepatic AdipoR1/R2 Adiponectin–↑ SIRT1-AMPK |
Prebiotic fiber supplementation [79] | Not reported | Children patients with overweight and obese | NA | ↑ Adiponectin and ghrelin Not reported adiponectin signaling pathway |
Probiotic Lactobacillus gasseri (SBT2055) [80] | HMW, MMW, LMW and not reported receptor | Obese patients | NA | ↓ Abdominal visceral fat ↑ HMW in obese and control group ↑ MMW only in control group Not reported adiponectin signaling pathway |
Melatonin [82] | Not reported | NASH patients | NA | ↓ HOMA-IR ↑ Adiponectin, leptin and ghrelin Not reported adiponectin signaling pathway |
Orlistat [84] | Not reported | NAFLD patients | NA | ↓ Fatty infiltration, periostin, TNF-α ↑ Adiponectin Not reported adiponectin signaling pathway |
Disease | Subjects (Etiology) | Adiponectin Levels | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) [58] | 147 patients | 18.69 ALD 6.38 control | ↑ Adiponectin (Acrp30) associated with advanced liver dysfunction and ALD complications |
NAFLD [112] | 63 patients | 4.26 ± 2.71 µg/mL NAFLD 5.85 ± 3.74 µg/mL controls | ↓ Three isoforms of adiponectin. HMW and MMW adiponectin involved in the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD |
NAFLD [113] | 315 patients (129 mild, 145 moderate, 41 severe) | 13.6 ± 3.3 µg/mL mild 12.4 ± 3.7 µg/mL moderate 11.6 ± 3.5 µg/mL severe | ↑ adiponectin correlated with a decreased risk of developing type 2 diabetes |
NAFLD [114] | 232 patients (45 cirrhosis, 71 viral hepatitis, 64 NAFLD, 52 others) | 18.6 ± 14.5 µg/mL cirrhosis 8.4 ± 6.1 µg/mL without cirrhosis 4.8 ± 3.5 µg/mL NAFLD 9.1 µg/mL controls | Adiponectin correlate positively with markers of hepatic fibrosis. ↓ Adiponectin in NAFLD and ↑ in cirrhosis |
NAFLD [115] | 70 patients | 8.14 ± 2.91 mg/L NAFLD 13.63 ± 2.88 mg/L controls | ↓ Adiponectin and ↑ visfatin, IL-6, TNF-α associated with increased NAFLD |
NAFLD [117] | 52 patients | 3.9 (2.5 – 6.2) µg/mL | Adiponectin, TNF-α, IL-6, leptin were not associated with disease progression |
NAFLD [118] | 147 patients | 9.6 ± 4.1 µg/mL NAFLD 14.0 ± 10.1 µg/mL without NAFLD | ↓ Adiponectin associated with NAFLD |
NAFLD [120] | 71 children patients (37 with NAFLD, 14 with NASH, 20 without NAFLD) | 13.15 ± 5.33 ng/mL NAFLD 12.64 ± 5.54 ng/mL NASH | Adiponectin levels were similar in patients with and without NAFLD. ↑ AdipoR2 in NAFLD and is a noninvasive marker for diagnosis |
NAFLD [121] | 148 children patients (63 steatosis, 12 steatosis and ↑ ALT, 85 without steatosis) | 2.7 ± 0.7 µg/mL steatosis 2.5 ± 0.4 µg/mL NAFLD 4.7 ± 1.1 µg/mL without steatosis | ↓ Adiponectin were negatively correlated with ALT activity |
Cirrhosis [123] | 122 patients | 21.59 µg/mL cirrhosis 12.52 µg/mL controls | ↑ Adiponectin associated with ↑ liver dysfunction and worse prognosis |
Cirrhosis [124] | 70 patients (40 cirrhosis, 30 cirrhosis and cholestasis) | 15.1 ± 12.1 µg/mL cirrhosis 21.28 ± 10.2 µg/mL cirrhosis with cholestasis 4.7 ± 4.48 µg/mL controls | ↑ Adiponectin shows correlation with degree of hepatocellular injury and cholestasis; but not with parameters of body composition or metabolism |
Cirrhosis [125] | 140 patients | 13.050 ng/mL | Adiponectin was an independent predictor of overall survival in HCC patients |
Cirrhosis [126] | 40 patients with non-diabetic alcoholic cirrhosis | 10.23 µg/mL | ↑ Adiponectin associated with shorter survival in the univariate analysis but not in the multivariate analysis |
Cirrhosis [127] | 248 patients with compensated viral hepatitis C cirrhosis | 16.5 ± 15.3 µg/mL cirrhosis | Adiponectin was not related to HCC, liver-related death or LT during follow-up |
Cirrhosis [128] | 90 patients with hepatitis C-related liver cirrhosis (61 with, 29 without) | 5.213 ± 3.840 µg/mL cirrhosis with HCC 9.000 ± 2.234 µg/mL cirrhosis without HCC | ↓ Adiponectin levels associated with HCC; a biomarker of HCC |
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Heydari, M.; Cornide-Petronio, M.E.; Jiménez-Castro, M.B.; Peralta, C. Data on Adiponectin from 2010 to 2020: Therapeutic Target and Prognostic Factor for Liver Diseases? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 5242. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155242
Heydari M, Cornide-Petronio ME, Jiménez-Castro MB, Peralta C. Data on Adiponectin from 2010 to 2020: Therapeutic Target and Prognostic Factor for Liver Diseases? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(15):5242. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155242
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeydari, Misaq, María Eugenia Cornide-Petronio, Mónica B. Jiménez-Castro, and Carmen Peralta. 2020. "Data on Adiponectin from 2010 to 2020: Therapeutic Target and Prognostic Factor for Liver Diseases?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15: 5242. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155242