In Vivo Metabolic Response upon Exposure to Gold Nanorod Core/Silver Shell Nanostructures: Modulation of Inflammation and Upregulation of Dopamine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characterizations of Au@Ag NRs
2.2. Effect of Au@Ag NRs on Metabolomics in Mouse Liver
2.3. Effect of Au@Ag NRs on Inflammation and Dopamine Synthesis in Mouse Liver
2.4. Cell Viability and Redox Balance Affected by Au@Ag NRs in Raw 264.7 Cells
2.5. Release of Proinflammatory Cytokines Enhanced by Au@Ag NRs in Raw264.7 Cells
2.6. Inflammation and Dopamine Synthesis in Lungs
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals Materials and Lab Animals
3.2. Preparation and Characterization of Gold Nanorod Core/Silver Shell Nanostructures (Au@Ag NRs)
3.3. Intravenous Administration of Au@Ag NRs in Mice
3.4. Metabolomics Analysis
3.5. Determination of Silver Content in Liver and Lung Tissues by ICP-MS
3.6. Histopathological Evaluation and Immunohistochemical Test
3.7. Treg Cells Isolation and Dopamine Assay
3.8. Cell Culture and Cell Viability Assay
3.9. Two-Photon Luminescence (TPL) Imaging of Au@Ag NRs in Raw264.7 Cells
3.10. Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Detection
3.11. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
3.12. Western Blotting
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organs | Ag Content (μg/g) |
---|---|
liver | 49.31 ± 11.65 |
lung | 9.61 ± 3.08 |
Mode | Metabolites | Trend | VIP | p-Value | Pathway |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
negative | Alpha-D-Glucose | down | 18.5136 | 0.014065 | Energy metabolism |
negative | L-Malic acid | down | 3.14375 | 0.002261 | |
negative | DL-lactate | down | 3.10708 | 0.006937 | |
negative | Glycerol | down | 1.83996 | 0.073435 | |
positive | PC(16:0/16:0) | up | 4.06947 | 0.019537 | Membrane metabolism and choline metabolism |
positive | Thioetheramide-PC | up | 5.29022 | 0.012911 | |
positive | 1-Stearoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine | down | 7.59854 | 0.002209 | |
positive | 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine | up | 2.33406 | 0.067463 | |
positive | 1-Myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | down | 1.90661 | 0.07697 | |
positive | 1-Oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | down | 7.27013 | 0.005697 | |
positive | 1-Palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | down | 6.09609 | 0.011949 | |
positive | 1-Stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine (SOPC) | up | 3.54098 | 0.003904 | |
positive | Glycerophosphocholine | down | 6.89478 | 0.022855 | |
positive | Phosphorylcholine | down | 1.79248 | 0.003768 | |
positive | Choline | down | 1.0697 | 0.020519 | |
positive | L-Phenylalanine | up | 5.14322 | 0.078525 | Dopamine synthesis |
positive | L-Tyrosine | up | 2.80009 | 0.006615 | |
positive | Dopamine | up | 1.19994 | 0.003964 | |
positive | Cholic acid | up | 5.21803 | 0.049867 | cholic acid synthesis |
negative | Chenodeoxycholate | up | 2.19638 | 0.097443 | |
positive | Hypoxanthine | down | 2.56096 | 0.005989 | Purine metabolism |
positive | Xanthine | down | 3.20653 | 0.000404 | |
positive | Adenine | down | 2.30405 | 0.000537 | |
positive | Inosine | down | 4.63986 | 0.003509 | |
negative | Adenosine 3′-monophosphate | up | 1.01864 | 0.078576 | |
positive | Nicotinamide | down | 6.21993 | 0.0432 | Redox metabolism |
negative | Nicotinate | down | 1.06332 | 0.003276 |
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Li, H.; Wen, T.; Wang, T.; Ji, Y.; Shen, Y.; Chen, J.; Xu, H.; Wu, X. In Vivo Metabolic Response upon Exposure to Gold Nanorod Core/Silver Shell Nanostructures: Modulation of Inflammation and Upregulation of Dopamine. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020384
Li H, Wen T, Wang T, Ji Y, Shen Y, Chen J, Xu H, Wu X. In Vivo Metabolic Response upon Exposure to Gold Nanorod Core/Silver Shell Nanostructures: Modulation of Inflammation and Upregulation of Dopamine. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(2):384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020384
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Haiyun, Tao Wen, Tao Wang, Yinglu Ji, Yaoyi Shen, Jiaqi Chen, Haiyan Xu, and Xiaochun Wu. 2020. "In Vivo Metabolic Response upon Exposure to Gold Nanorod Core/Silver Shell Nanostructures: Modulation of Inflammation and Upregulation of Dopamine" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 2: 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020384