The Potential Anticancer Activity of Phytoconstituents against Gastric Cancer—A Review on In Vitro, In Vivo, and Clinical Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biomarkers of Gastric Cancer
3. Phytocompounds with Potential Anticancer Activity on Gastric Cancer
3.1. Primary Metabolites
Cordyceps cicadae
3.2. Secondary Metabolites
3.2.1. Sulphur-Containing Compounds
Allium sativum
3.2.2. Polyphenols
Camellia sinensis
Cardiospermum halicacabum
Plumbago zeylanica
Chrysosplenium nudicaule
3.2.3. Terpenes
Saussurea lappa
Nigella sativa
Euphorbia lunulata
Euphorbia esula
Dioscorea bulbifera
3.2.4. Alkaloids
Coptis chinensis
Stephania tetrandra
Piper longum
Sophora spp.
4. Future Perspectives: In Vivo Studies and Clinical Trials
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
GC | Gastric cancer |
WHO | World Health Organization |
DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
IL-8 | interleukin-8 |
bFGF | basic fibroblast growth factor |
PD | ECGF- platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor |
FGFs | fibroblast growth factors |
EGF | epidermal growth factor |
EGF | CFC -epidermal growth factor-CFC |
TGF-α | transforming growth factor alpha |
AR | amphiregulin |
TGF-β | transforming growth factor β |
IGF II | insulin-like factor II |
EMT | The epithelial–mesenchymal transition |
NRP-1 | neutrophilin-1 |
IL-1 α | interleukin 1-α |
IL-6 | interleukin 6 |
NF-κB | nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells |
IC50 | half-maximal inhibitory concentration |
ECM | extracellular matrix |
DAS | diallyl sulfide |
DADS | diallyl disulfide |
DATS | diallyltrisulfide |
MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
SH | sulfhydryl group |
HSPs | heat shock proteins |
CRP | C Reactive Protein |
TLR | Toll-like receptor |
EGCG | epigallocatechin-3-gallate |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
AMPK | activated protein kinase |
HIF-1α | Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 |
Bcl-2 | antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma-2 |
CytC | cytochrome C |
PARP | Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 |
IGF-1R | insulin-like growth factor receptor |
ERK1/2 | extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
Akt | RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase |
STAT3 | Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 |
AP-1 | Activating Protein-1 |
DNMT | DNA methyltransferase |
HDAC | histone deacetylases |
CH-AuNP | gold nanoparticles |
IKKβ | IKB kinase protein |
IAP1 | inhibitor of apoptosis 1 |
XIAP | X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis |
TTF | 6,7,3′-trimethoxy-3,5,4′-trihydroxy-flavone |
DTFG | 5,4′-dihydroxy-3,6,3′-trimethoxy-flavone 7-O-β-D-glucoside |
PARP | poly ADP ribose polymerase |
TQ | thymoquinone |
5-FU | 5-fluorouracil |
CDDP | cisplatin |
MDR | cancer multidrug resistance |
PTEN | phosphatase and tensin homolog |
BBR | berberine |
LC3-II | Microtubule-associated protein |
mTOR | The mammalian target of rapamycin |
MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinases |
MMP | matrix metalloproteinases |
PL | piperlongumine |
TrxR | Three thioredoxin reductase |
MA | matrine |
OMA | oxymatrine |
IL-21R | Interleukin-21 receptor |
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Plant Species | Active Compound | Cell Line | Bioactive Effect | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cordyceps cicadae | Cordicepine | SGC-7901 MGC-803 HGC-27 | 1. Antiproliferative effects
| [18] |
Allium sativum | Allicin | SGC-7901 MGC-803 BGC-823 | 1. Antiproliferative effects
| [19,20,21] |
Camellia sinensis | Epigallocatechin gallate | SGC-7901 | 1. Antiproliferative effects
| [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29] |
Cardiospermum halicacabum (water extract) | Synthesized gold nanoparticles (CH-AuNP) | AGS SNU-5 SNU-16 | 1. Proapoptotic effects
| [30] |
Plumbago zeylanica | Plumbagin | AGS SGC-7901 MKN-28 | 1. Proapoptotic effects
3. Antimetastatic effects
| [31,32,33] |
Chrysosplenium nudicaule (ethanol extract) | TTF and DTFG | SGC-7901 |
| [34] |
Saussurea lappa | Costunolide | SGC-7901 MGC-803 BGC-823 | 1. Antiproliferative effects
| [35,36,37,38,39] |
Nigella sativa | Thymoquinone | BGC-823 SGC-7901 MGC-803 HGC-27 | 1. Antimetastatic effects
| [40,41,42,43,44,45] |
Euphorbia lunulata | Diterpenoids | SGC-7901/ADR | 1. Antiproliferative effects
| [46] |
Euphorbia esula (water extract) | Total extract | SGC-7901 | 1. Proapoptotic effects
| [47] |
Dioscorea bulbifera(ethanol extract) | Diosbulbine B | SGC-7901 |
| [48] |
Coptis chinesis | Berberine | BGC-823 AGS SGC-7901 SNU-1 | 1. Antiproliferative effects
| [49,50,51,52,53,54] |
Stephania tetrandra | Tetrandrine | HGC-27 BGC-823 | 1. Proapoptotic effects
| [33,55,56,57] |
Piper longum | Piperlongumine | SGC-7901 BGC-823 AGS MKN-45 MGC-803 | 1. Antiproliferative effects
| [58,59,60,61,62,63] |
Sophora spp. | Matrine | BGC-823 SGC-7901 MKN-28 | 1. Antiproliferative effects
| [64,65,66,67] |
Plant | Bioactive Compound | Molecular Formula | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
Allium sativum | Allicin | C6H10OS2 | |
Coptis chinesis | Berberine | C20H18NO4+ | |
Epiberberine | C20H18NO4 | ||
Cordyceps cicadae | Cordycepin | C10H13N5O3 | |
Dioscorea bulbifera | Diosbulbin B | C19H20O6 | |
Nigella sativa | Thymoquinone | C10H12O2 | |
Piper longum | Piperlongumine | C17H19NO5 | |
Plumbago zeylanica | Plumbagin | C11H8O3 | |
Saussurea lappa | Costunolide | C15H20O2 | |
Sophora spp. | Matrine | C15H24N2O | |
Oxymatrine | C15H24N2O2 | ||
Stephania tetrandra | Tetrandrine | C38H42N2O6 |
Natural Product | Plant of Origin | Model | Mechanism of Action | Molecular Mechanism | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baicalein | Scutellaria spp. | Nude mice | Reduced tumor volume | Induced apoptosis, S phase arrest | [136] |
Chaetocin | Chaetomium spp. fungi | Nude mice | Inhibited proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest (G2/M) and apoptosis | Inactivation of PI3K/AKT pathway | [137] |
Cucurbitacin C | Cucurbita spp. | Female and male nude mice | Reduced tumor volume | Inhibition of STAT3 | [138] |
3,3′-diindolylmethane | Cruciferous plants | female nude mice | Inhibited tumor growth | Increase of LC3 levels (microtubule-associated protein light chain) | [139] |
Dioscin | Dioscorea spp. | Nude mice | Induced apoptosis, cell arrest (S phase), inhibited tumor growth | Induced ROS generation and Ca2+ release | [140] |
Formononetin-coumarin hybrid | Nude mice | Inhibited tumor growth | Inhibition of SIRT-1, Wnt/β-Catenin and AKT/mTOR pathways | [141] | |
Nitidine chloride | Zanthoxylum nitidum | Male BALB/cA nude mice | Reduced tumor volume | Decreased STAT3 and VEGF | [142] |
Perillaldehyde | Perilla frutescens | Female BALB/c nude mice | Inhibited tumor growth | Increased caspase-3, p53, catepsin and LC3-II | [143] |
S-allylmercaptocysteine | Garlic | Female BALB/e nude mice | Inhibited tumor growth | - | [144] |
6-shogaol | Zingiber officinale | Athymic nude mice | Inhibited tumor growth | [145] |
Natural Product/Extract | Study Group | Dosage | Comments | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gastric cancer | Garlic extract and oil | 3365 residents with high risk of gastric cancer | 200 mg aged garlic extract and 1 mg steam distilled garlic oil for 7 years | Garlic supplementation was associated with a significantly reduced risk of incidence of gastric cancer and death | [146] |
Rhus verniciflua extract rich in flavonoids | An 82-year old woman | 900 mg of extract for 5 months | Marked decrease in the polyploidy mass of the tumor and decreased lesion of the prepyloric antrum | [147] | |
Marsdenia tenacissima extract | 1329 patients (51–68 years old) | Injection: 40–80 mL/dose, 7–21 doses/session orally: 6–7.2 g/dose, 30 doses/session | Adjuvant therapy with anticancer treatment (typically folinic acid + fluorouracil + oxaliplatin) improved the response to chemotherapy and reduced thrombocytopenia, anemia, nausea, peripheral neurotoxicity and hepatic injury | [148] | |
Curcumin from Curcuma longa | 25 patients | 500 mg/ day, 3 months | Histologic improvement of lesions | [149] | |
Aloe arborescens rich in antraquinonic and anthracenic molecules | 240 patients (58–79 years old) | 10 mL/ thrice daily orally (300 g of leaves in 500 g of honey in 40 mL of 40% alcohol) 6 days before and during chemotherapy | Adjuvant therapy of metastatic solid tumor with 5-florouracil. Increased tumor regression | [150] |
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Nakonieczna, S.; Grabarska, A.; Kukula-Koch, W. The Potential Anticancer Activity of Phytoconstituents against Gastric Cancer—A Review on In Vitro, In Vivo, and Clinical Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218307
Nakonieczna S, Grabarska A, Kukula-Koch W. The Potential Anticancer Activity of Phytoconstituents against Gastric Cancer—A Review on In Vitro, In Vivo, and Clinical Studies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218307
Chicago/Turabian StyleNakonieczna, Sylwia, Aneta Grabarska, and Wirginia Kukula-Koch. 2020. "The Potential Anticancer Activity of Phytoconstituents against Gastric Cancer—A Review on In Vitro, In Vivo, and Clinical Studies" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 8307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218307