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Volume 22
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10.3390/ijms22010114
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Review

Mechanisms of Reciprocal Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)-Producing and Immune Systems: The Role of GnRH, Cytokines and Their Receptors in Early Ontogenesis in Normal and Pathological Conditions

by
Liudmila Zakharova
,
Viktoria Sharova
* and
Marina Izvolskaia
Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, The Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(1), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010114
Submission received: 25 October 2020 / Revised: 18 December 2020 / Accepted: 22 December 2020 / Published: 24 December 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Signaling and Functions)
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Abstract

Different aspects of the reciprocal regulatory influence on the development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-producing- and immune systems in the perinatal ontogenesis and their functioning in adults in normal and pathological conditions are discussed. The influence of GnRH on the development of the immune system, on the one hand, and the influence of proinflammatory cytokines on the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system, on the other hand, and their functioning in adult offspring are analyzed. We have focused on the effects of GnRH on the formation and functional activity of the thymus, as the central organ of the immune system, in the perinatal period. The main mechanisms of reciprocal regulation of these systems are discussed. The reproductive health of an individual is programmed by the establishment and development of physiological systems during critical periods. Regulatory epigenetic mechanisms of development are not strictly genetically controlled. These processes are characterized by a high sensitivity to various regulatory factors, which provides possible corrections for disorders.
Keywords: early ontogenesis; GnRH neuron migration; HPG and immune systems; thymic development; GnRH receptors; signal molecules; perinatal programming early ontogenesis; GnRH neuron migration; HPG and immune systems; thymic development; GnRH receptors; signal molecules; perinatal programming

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zakharova, L.; Sharova, V.; Izvolskaia, M. Mechanisms of Reciprocal Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)-Producing and Immune Systems: The Role of GnRH, Cytokines and Their Receptors in Early Ontogenesis in Normal and Pathological Conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010114

AMA Style

Zakharova L, Sharova V, Izvolskaia M. Mechanisms of Reciprocal Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)-Producing and Immune Systems: The Role of GnRH, Cytokines and Their Receptors in Early Ontogenesis in Normal and Pathological Conditions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(1):114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010114

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zakharova, Liudmila, Viktoria Sharova, and Marina Izvolskaia. 2021. "Mechanisms of Reciprocal Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)-Producing and Immune Systems: The Role of GnRH, Cytokines and Their Receptors in Early Ontogenesis in Normal and Pathological Conditions" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1: 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010114

APA Style

Zakharova, L., Sharova, V., & Izvolskaia, M. (2021). Mechanisms of Reciprocal Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)-Producing and Immune Systems: The Role of GnRH, Cytokines and Their Receptors in Early Ontogenesis in Normal and Pathological Conditions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(1), 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010114

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