Distinction of Microglia and Macrophages in Glioblastoma: Close Relatives, Different Tasks?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Origin and General Function of Microglia
3. Distinction of Microglia and Macrophages in Glioma
3.1. Classical Differentiation by CD45 Expression Level
3.2. Bone Marrow Chimeras Generated by Different Irradiation Strategies
3.3. Chimeric Mice Generated by Busulfan Administration
3.4. Reporter Mice Based on the Cx3cr1 Gene
3.5. Novel Markers of Microglia
3.6. Depletion Strategies to Verify the Function of Microglia and Macrophages
4. Function of Microglia and Macrophages in Glioma
5. Proportion of Microglia and Macrophages in Glioblastoma
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BBB | Blood brain barrier |
BM | Bone marrow |
BMDM | Bone marrow-derived macrophages |
CD | Cluster of differentiation |
CNS | Central nervous system |
EP | Epilepsy patient |
FC | Flow cytometry |
GB | Glioblastoma |
GCV | Ganciclovir |
GFP | Green-fluorescent protein |
HPI | Head-protected irradiation |
IF | Immunofluorescence staining |
MG | Microglia |
MO | Macrophages |
RFP | Red-fluorescent protein |
TAMs | Tumor-associated macrophages |
TBI | Total body irradiation |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Model (Tumor Growth) | Method of Distinction | Definition MG/MO | Contribution (%) | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MG | MO | ||||
rat glioma | |||||
C6 (10–14d) 9L (10–14d) RG-2 (10–14d) | CD45 expression level (FC) | CD45low/CD45high of all living cells | 26–34 22–24 13–15 | 9 5–12 3–6 | [64] |
rat glioma | |||||
C6 (d21) | CD45 expression level (FC) | CD45low/CD45high of all living cells | 28 | 3 | [66] |
murine glioma | |||||
GL261 (d8) GL261 (d15) | CD45 expression level (FC) | CD45low/CD45high of the CD11b+CD45+ cells | 83 58 | 17 42 | [144] |
murine glioma | |||||
GL261 (d7) GL261 (d14) GL261 (d21) | chimeras: TBI + GFP-BM (FC) | 75 68 35 | 25 32 65 | [79] | |
GL261 (d7) GL261 (d14) GL261 (d21) | chimeras: HPI + GFP-BM (FC) | GFP-/GFP+ of the CD11b+CD45+ cells | 98 97 75 | 2 3 25 | |
murine glioma | |||||
GL261 (d7) GL261 (d14) GL261 (d17) | chimeras: Busulfan (25 mg/kg) + GFP-BM (IF) | IBA1+GFP-/IBA1+GFP+ of all IBA1+ cells | 59 50 56 | 41 50 44 | [96] |
GL261 (d17) | chimeras: Busulfan (25 mg/kg) + GFP-BM (FC) | CD45.1+/CD45.2+ of the CD11b+CD45+ cells | 73 | 27 | |
murine glioma | |||||
GL261 (d14) | chimeras: Busulfan (25 mg/kg) + CD45.2-BM (FC) | CD45.1+/CD45.2+ of the CD11b+CD45+ cells | 33 | 67 | [80] |
GL261 (d14) | chimeras: Busulfan (125 mg/kg) + CD45.2-BM (FC) | 13 | 87 | ||
GL261 (d14) | chimeras: HPI + CD45.2-BM (FC) | 54 | 46 | ||
murine glioma | |||||
PDGFB-driven GB (end of life) | CD45 expression level (FC) | CD45low/CD45highLy6Chigh, CD45highLy6Clow of CD11b+CD45+ cells | 13 | 83 | [69] |
PDGFB-driven GB (end of life) | transgenic mice Cx3cr1GFP/+Ccr2RFP (FC) | CX3CR1highCCR2−/ CX3CR1+CCR2+ | 10 | 82 | |
PDGFB-driven GB (end of life) GL261 (d21) | transgenic mice Cx3cr1GFP/+Ccr2RFP (IF) | GFP+RFP−/GFP+RFP+ | 24 18 | 76 82 | |
GB cells (4–6 weeks) | chimeras: TBI + Cx3cr1GFP/+Ccr2RFP/+-BM (IF) | IBA1+GFP−/IBA1+GFP+ | 17 | 83 |
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Brandenburg, S.; Blank, A.; Bungert, A.D.; Vajkoczy, P. Distinction of Microglia and Macrophages in Glioblastoma: Close Relatives, Different Tasks? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010194
Brandenburg S, Blank A, Bungert AD, Vajkoczy P. Distinction of Microglia and Macrophages in Glioblastoma: Close Relatives, Different Tasks? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(1):194. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010194
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrandenburg, Susan, Anne Blank, Alexander D. Bungert, and Peter Vajkoczy. 2021. "Distinction of Microglia and Macrophages in Glioblastoma: Close Relatives, Different Tasks?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1: 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010194