Human DDX3X Unwinds Japanese Encephalitis and Zika Viral 5′ Terminal Regions

Nelson, Corey; Mrozowich, Tyler; Gemmill, Darren L.; Park, Sean M.; Patel, Trushar R.

doi:10.3390/ijms22010413

Open AccessArticle

Human DDX3X Unwinds Japanese Encephalitis and Zika Viral 5′ Terminal Regions

by

Corey Nelson

^1,†

,

Tyler Mrozowich

^1,†

,

Darren L. Gemmill

¹

,

Sean M. Park

¹

and

Trushar R. Patel

^1,2,3,*

¹

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada

²

Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada

³

Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology and Discovery Lab, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

Equal author contribution.

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(1), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010413

Submission received: 30 November 2020 / Revised: 26 December 2020 / Accepted: 29 December 2020 / Published: 2 January 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-coding RNAs in Pathogen-Host Interaction)

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Abstract

Flavivirus genus includes many deadly viruses such as the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). The 5′ terminal regions (TR) of flaviviruses interact with human proteins and such interactions are critical for viral replication. One of the human proteins identified to interact with the 5′ TR of JEV is the DEAD-box helicase, DDX3X. In this study, we in vitro transcribed the 5′ TR of JEV and demonstrated its direct interaction with recombinant DDX3X (K_d of 1.66 ± 0.21 µM) using microscale thermophoresis (MST). Due to the proposed structural similarities of 5′ and 3′ TRs of flaviviruses, we investigated if the ZIKV 5′ TR could also interact with human DDX3X. Our MST studies suggested that DDX3X recognizes ZIKV 5′ TR with a K_d of 7.05 ± 0.75 µM. Next, we performed helicase assays that suggested that the binding of DDX3X leads to the unwinding of JEV and ZIKV 5′ TRs. Overall, our data indicate, for the first time, that DDX3X can directly bind and unwind in vitro transcribed flaviviral TRs. In summary, our work indicates that DDX3X could be further explored as a therapeutic target to inhibit Flaviviral replication

Keywords: DDX3X; Japanese encephalitis virus; Zika virus; viral terminal regions; host–viral interactions; in vitro transcription; microscale thermophoresis; RNA helicase assays

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nelson, C.; Mrozowich, T.; Gemmill, D.L.; Park, S.M.; Patel, T.R. Human DDX3X Unwinds Japanese Encephalitis and Zika Viral 5′ Terminal Regions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010413

AMA Style

Nelson C, Mrozowich T, Gemmill DL, Park SM, Patel TR. Human DDX3X Unwinds Japanese Encephalitis and Zika Viral 5′ Terminal Regions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(1):413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010413

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nelson, Corey, Tyler Mrozowich, Darren L. Gemmill, Sean M. Park, and Trushar R. Patel. 2021. "Human DDX3X Unwinds Japanese Encephalitis and Zika Viral 5′ Terminal Regions" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1: 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010413

APA Style

Nelson, C., Mrozowich, T., Gemmill, D. L., Park, S. M., & Patel, T. R. (2021). Human DDX3X Unwinds Japanese Encephalitis and Zika Viral 5′ Terminal Regions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(1), 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010413

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Human DDX3X Unwinds Japanese Encephalitis and Zika Viral 5′ Terminal Regions

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