Erythritol Ameliorates Small Intestinal Inflammation Induced by High-Fat Diets and Improves Glucose Tolerance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Erythritol Decreased Obesity and Glucose Intolerance Induced by the HFD
2.2. Erythritol Enhanced Energy Metabolism
2.3. Liver and Epididymal Fat Weights Did Not Significantly Differ between the Two Groups
2.4. Erythritol Reduced Levels of Hepatic Enzyme and Serum Lipids Induced by the HFD
2.5. Erythritol Ameliorated the NAFLD, Increase in Adipocyte Size, and Small Intestinal Inflammation Induced by the HFD
2.6. Erythritol Increased SCFAs in the Serum, Feces, and eWAT
2.7. Erythritol Increased ILC2s in the eWAT and ILC3 in the Lamina Propria of the Small Intestine
2.8. Erythritol Decreased the Expression of Genes Related to Inflammation, Glucose Transporters, and Fatty Acid Transporters in the Small Intestine
2.9. Erythritol Increased the Expression of Genes Encoding Cytokines Secreted by ILC2s and Decreased the Expression of Inflammation-Related Genes in the eWAT
2.10. Erythritol Decreased Ffar2 and Ffar3 Expression in the Colon and Increased it in the eWAT
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Measurement of Oral Intake and Water Consumption
4.3. Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test (iPGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)
4.4. Indirect Calorimetry
4.5. Biochemistry
4.6. Liver Histological Analysis
4.7. White Adipose Tissue Histology
4.8. Small Intestine Histological Analysis
4.9. Measurement of SCFA Concentrations in Feces and Serum Samples
4.10. Isolation of Mononuclear Cells from the eWAT and Small Intestines of Mice
4.11. Flow Cytometry
4.12. Gene Expression Levels in the Murine Small Intestinal Tissue, Colon Tissue, and eWAT
4.13. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kawano, R.; Okamura, T.; Hashimoto, Y.; Majima, S.; Senmaru, T.; Ushigome, E.; Asano, M.; Yamazaki, M.; Takakuwa, H.; Sasano, R.; et al. Erythritol Ameliorates Small Intestinal Inflammation Induced by High-Fat Diets and Improves Glucose Tolerance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5558. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115558
Kawano R, Okamura T, Hashimoto Y, Majima S, Senmaru T, Ushigome E, Asano M, Yamazaki M, Takakuwa H, Sasano R, et al. Erythritol Ameliorates Small Intestinal Inflammation Induced by High-Fat Diets and Improves Glucose Tolerance. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(11):5558. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115558
Chicago/Turabian StyleKawano, Rena, Takuro Okamura, Yoshitaka Hashimoto, Saori Majima, Takafumi Senmaru, Emi Ushigome, Mai Asano, Masahiro Yamazaki, Hiroshi Takakuwa, Ryoichi Sasano, and et al. 2021. "Erythritol Ameliorates Small Intestinal Inflammation Induced by High-Fat Diets and Improves Glucose Tolerance" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11: 5558. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115558