Correlations between the Type of Aggregates in the Bulk Phase and the Functionality and Safety of All-Purpose Cleaners
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Development of Formulations and Technologies for the Production of APCs
2.2. Appearance and Stability
2.3. The Expected Detergency, Based on the Assessment of the Ability to Reduce Surface Tension, Wettability, and Ability to Emulsify Fatty Dirt
2.4. Foaming Properties
2.5. Determination of Irritant Potential—Zein Value (ZV)
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Viscosity Measurements
3.3. Determination of Turbidity
3.4. Measurement of Particle-Size Distributions
3.5. Evaluation of the Ability to Emulsify Fatty Soil
3.6. Surface Tension Measurements
3.7. Contact Angle
3.8. Evaluation of Foaming Properties
3.9. Determination of Irritant Potential—Zein Value (ZV)
3.10. Error Analysis
4. Conclusions
- electrolyte type has an effect on the surface activity of formulations in aqueous solutions. Addition of magnesium chloride into the compositions reduced the surface tension of their aqueous solutions. The effect of the specific salt type concentration on the parameter in question was not determined;
- particle-size distribution analyses indicate that the salt type and concentration had an effect on the size and type of aggregates being formed in the solution. The systems with magnesium chloride were shown to form large aggregates in comparison with those containing sodium chloride. The results correspond to those obtained in the turbidity tests;
- the formulations are characterized by sufficiently high wettability with respect to hydrophobic surfaces. Measurements of the wetting angle indicate that the composition with magnesium chloride has higher wettability in comparison with the formulations with sodium chloride. The effect of concentration of the specific chloride on the investigated parameter was not determined. The results correspond to those obtained in surface tension measurements for aqueous solutions of the formulations;
- emulsification properties of the model products increase with increasing concentrations of the chloride type used. Moreover, much better characteristics relating to the ability to emulsify hydrophobic dirt was recorded in the presence of magnesium chloride;
- the formulations revealed good foaming properties. Moreover, for increasing concentrations of the specific chloride type, the solutions were characterized by worse foaming properties and foam stability. The compositions with magnesium chloride showed worse foaming properties in comparison with the systems containing sodium chloride;
- the type and concentration of the electrolyte used determine the zein value. For increasing concentrations of the given salt, the parameter was observed to decrease. In the presence of double-charged cations (Mg2+), the test compositions proved to be definitely better in the aspect of irritation potential. For such formulations, the zein value was nearly 60% lower than that of the compositions containing sodium chloride.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name according to INCI 1 | Concentration [wt. %] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
APC_1.3 Na | APC_4.0 Na | APC_0.9 Mg | APC_2.9 Mg | |
Sodium Coco Sulfate | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
Coco Glucoside | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
Cocamidopropyl Betaine | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Polyglyceryl-4 Laurate/Sebacate (and) Polyglyceryl-6 Caprylate/Caprate | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Sodium Chloride | 1.30 | 4.00 | - | - |
Magnesium Chloride | - | - | 0.90 | 2.90 |
Citric Acid | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Lavender Flower CO2 Extract | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
Sodium Benzoate (and) Potassium Sorbate | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
Aqua | to 100 | to 100 | to 100 | to 100 |
Surface | Wetting Angle Ө [deg] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | APC_1.3 Na | APC_4.0 Na | APC_0.9 Mg | APC_2.9 Mg | |
Steel | 82.1 ± 0.23 | 49.7 ± 0.69 | 41.08 ± 0.54 | 40.9 ± 0.66 | 40.8 ± 0.66 |
Ceramics | 75.4 ± 0.87 | 51.0 ± 0.26 | 44.3 ± 0.19 | 40.9 ± 0.74 | 36.8 ± 0.88 |
Glass | 21.5 ± 0.55 | 16.5 ± 0.68 | 13.2 ± 0.40 | 13.4 ± 0.91 | 12.7 ± 0.64 |
Polymer | 78.5 ± 0.12 | 50.9 ± 0.31 | 48.2 ± 0.56 | 44.7 ± 0.12 | 43.6 ± 0.62 |
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Seweryn, A.; Wasilewski, T.; Bocho-Janiszewska, A. Correlations between the Type of Aggregates in the Bulk Phase and the Functionality and Safety of All-Purpose Cleaners. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6592. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126592
Seweryn A, Wasilewski T, Bocho-Janiszewska A. Correlations between the Type of Aggregates in the Bulk Phase and the Functionality and Safety of All-Purpose Cleaners. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(12):6592. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126592
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeweryn, Artur, Tomasz Wasilewski, and Anita Bocho-Janiszewska. 2021. "Correlations between the Type of Aggregates in the Bulk Phase and the Functionality and Safety of All-Purpose Cleaners" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12: 6592. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126592