Efficacy of a Chitin-Based Water-Soluble Derivative in Inducing Purpureocillium lilacinum against Nematode Disease (Meloidogyne incognita)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Characterization
2.2. Screening for Nematicidal Microorganisms Utilizing Chitin
2.3. Screening of the Optimum Water-Soluble Chitin Derivatives
2.4. Screening the Factors Affecting Nematicidal Activity
2.5. Anti-Nematode Assay
2.6. Effect of OTC-PLF on M. Incognita in Cucumber
2.6.1. Effect of OTC-PLF on Nematode Infecting Cucumber
2.6.2. Effect on the Invasion of Root-Knot Nematode
2.7. Phytotoxicity Assay
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Synthesis and Characterization of C-6 Oxidized Chitin (6-Oxychitin)
4.2.1. Preparation of the C-6 Oxidized chitin (6-Oxychitin)
4.2.2. Characterization and Analytical Method
4.3. Culturing and Collecting of Nematode
4.4. Screening for Nematicidal Microorganisms Utilizing Chitin
4.5. Screening of the Optimum Water-Soluble Chitin Derivatives
4.6. Screening the Factors Affecting Nematicidal Activity
4.7. Anti-Nematode Assay
4.7.1. Effect on J2s Locomotion Behaviour
4.7.2. Egg Hatching Assay
4.7.3. Effect on Nematode Morphology
4.8. Effect of OTC-PLF on Nematode Infecting Cucumber
4.8.1. Plant Materials and Pluronic Gel Preparation
4.8.2. Effect on Root Infection in Pluronic Gel
4.8.3. Effect on the Invasion of Root-Knot Nematodes, M. Incognita
4.9. Phytotoxicity Assay
- RLS: root length of the experimental group;
- RLC: root length of the control group;
- GSS: Germination number of seeds in the experimental group;
- GSC: Germination number of seeds in the experimental group;
- when GI < 80%, this value indicates phytotoxicity, while GI > 100%, the value may indicate growth promotion. At the same time, when RGI < 0.8, root elongation was inhibited, while when RGI > 1.2, root elongation was stimulated.
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Corrected Mortality (%) | |
---|---|---|
24 h | 48 h | |
Purpureocillium lilacinum | 20.27 ± 0.90 ab | 56.08 ± 4.16 bc |
Chitin+ Purpureocillium lilacinum | 20.68 ± 5.26 ab | 74.17 ± 6.12 a |
Aspergillus sp. | 27.19 ± 14.60 a | 61.25 ± 2.57 ab |
Chitin+ Aspergillus sp. | 17.07 ± 2.66 ab | 43.68 ± 14.30 cd |
B. licheniformis | 13.18 ± 3.29 b | 55.89 ± 9.14 bc |
Chitin+ B. licheniformis | 16.43 ± 4.65 ab | 49.20 ± 14.33 bcd |
B. subtilis | 22.30 ± 4.33 ab | 37.66 ± 4.55 d |
Chitin+ B. subtilis | 21.97 ± 7.47 ab | 50.31 ± 1.48 bcd |
St. roseofulvus | 11.97 ± 3.26 b | 60.17 ± 11.13 ab |
Chitin+ St. roseofulvus | 17.26 ± 5.44 ab | 56.92 ± 7.23 bc |
St. cuspidosporus | 14.09 ± 2.23 b | 49.92 ± 6.63 bcd |
Chitin+ St. cuspidosporus | 18.20 ± 4.42 ab | 42.44 ± 6.80 cd |
Samples | Corrected Mortality (%) | |
---|---|---|
24 h | 48 h | |
No treated | 43.89 ± 9.18 d | 53.49 ± 13.92 d |
Chitin | 41.73 ± 5.35 d | 68.12 ± 21.88 cd |
Chitosan | 47.50 ± 3.13 d | 78.07 ± 6.99 ab |
6-oxychitin | 94.07 ± 1.96 a | 95.94 ± 0.62 a |
CSC-3000 Da | 50.94 ± 3.23 cd | 79.79 ± 4.69 ab |
CSC-10000 Da | 79.20 ± 12.42 b | 50.27 ± 8.54 d |
Chitin oligosaccharides | 62.62 ± 10.98 c | 78.16 ± 12.74 ab |
Concentration | Percentage Germination (%) | Germination Index (GI %) | Relative Growth Index (RGI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
OTC-PLF | 20.00% | 89.20 ± 3.22 b | 106.37 ± 3.27 bc | 1.04 ± 0.02 a |
10.00% | 90.00 ± 2.00 b | 110.69 ± 6.06 b | 1.08 ± 0.07 ab | |
5.00% | 79.59 ± 2.04 de | 100.56 ± 1.88 cd | 1.11 ± 0.04 ab | |
2.50% | 93.75 ± 2.09 a | 120.63 ± 0.6 a | 1.13 ± 0.02 ab | |
1.25% | 84.00 ± 2.00 c | 91.69 ± 4.11 f | 0.96 ± 0.02 a | |
PLF | 20.00% | 60.78 ± 1.98 f | 69.8 ± 1.78 g | 1.01 ± 0.01 a |
10.00% | 80.00 ± 2.00 de | 95.08 ± 3.99 df | 1.04 ± 0.02 a | |
5.00% | 78.00 ± 1.53 e | 89.72 ± 3.03 f | 1.01 ± 0.03 a | |
2.50% | 78.43 ± 1.96 de | 93.13 ± 4.05 df | 1.04 ± 0.03 b | |
1.25% | 77.67 ± 1.53 e | 89.18 ± 4.87 f | 1.01 ± 0.05 a | |
PC | 88.00 ± 2.00 b | 95.39 ± 1.92 df | 0.95 ± 0.01 a | |
NC | 82.00 ± 2.00 b | 100 cd | 1 ab |
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Zhan, J.; Qin, Y.; Gao, K.; Fan, Z.; Wang, L.; Xing, R.; Liu, S.; Li, P. Efficacy of a Chitin-Based Water-Soluble Derivative in Inducing Purpureocillium lilacinum against Nematode Disease (Meloidogyne incognita). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6870. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136870
Zhan J, Qin Y, Gao K, Fan Z, Wang L, Xing R, Liu S, Li P. Efficacy of a Chitin-Based Water-Soluble Derivative in Inducing Purpureocillium lilacinum against Nematode Disease (Meloidogyne incognita). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(13):6870. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136870
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhan, Jiang, Yukun Qin, Kun Gao, Zhaoqian Fan, Linsong Wang, Ronge Xing, Song Liu, and Pengcheng Li. 2021. "Efficacy of a Chitin-Based Water-Soluble Derivative in Inducing Purpureocillium lilacinum against Nematode Disease (Meloidogyne incognita)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13: 6870. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136870