Current Trends in Neurodegeneration: Cross Talks between Oxidative Stress, Cell Death, and Inflammation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Role of Cell Death in the Onset of Neurodegeneration
2.1. Exhibition of Necroptosis, Apoptosis, and Related Processes in Neuronal Death
2.2. Cell Death Regulation in Response to Neuronal Stress
2.3. Programmed Destruction of Neurons by the Degeneration of Axons
3. Oxidative Stress and Its Role in Neurodegeneration
3.1. Mechanism of Oxidative Stress
3.2. Targeting of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases
4. Role of Neuroinflammation in the Onset of Neurodegeneration
4.1. Sources of Neuroinflammation
4.2. Neuroinflammatory Process
4.3. Neuroinflammation Mediated by Microglial Cells
4.4. Neuroinflammation Mediated by Astrocyte Cells
4.5. Strategies to Fight off Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Brain Region Affected | Types of Neurodegenerative Diseases |
---|---|
Basal ganglia | Parkinson’s disease |
Huntington disease | |
Alzheimer’s disease | |
Frontotemporal degeneration | |
Thalamus | Alzheimer’s disease |
Frontotemporal degeneration | |
Multiple sclerosis | |
Cerebellum | Multiple sclerosis |
Multiple systemic atrophy dystonia | |
Alzheimer’s disease | |
Spinocerebellar ataxia | |
Cerebral cortex | Frontotemporal dementia |
Alzheimer’s disease | |
Tremors | |
Parkinson’s disease | |
Huntington disease | |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | |
Neuro psychiatric disorders | |
Brain stem | Frontotemporal lobar degeneration |
Parkinson’s disease | |
Huntington disease | |
Frontotemporal dementia | |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | |
Spinocerebellar ataxia |
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Behl, T.; Makkar, R.; Sehgal, A.; Singh, S.; Sharma, N.; Zengin, G.; Bungau, S.; Andronie-Cioara, F.L.; Munteanu, M.A.; Brisc, M.C.; et al. Current Trends in Neurodegeneration: Cross Talks between Oxidative Stress, Cell Death, and Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7432. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147432
Behl T, Makkar R, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Zengin G, Bungau S, Andronie-Cioara FL, Munteanu MA, Brisc MC, et al. Current Trends in Neurodegeneration: Cross Talks between Oxidative Stress, Cell Death, and Inflammation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(14):7432. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147432
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehl, Tapan, Rashita Makkar, Aayush Sehgal, Sukhbir Singh, Neelam Sharma, Gokhan Zengin, Simona Bungau, Felicia Liana Andronie-Cioara, Mihai Alexandru Munteanu, Mihaela Cristina Brisc, and et al. 2021. "Current Trends in Neurodegeneration: Cross Talks between Oxidative Stress, Cell Death, and Inflammation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14: 7432. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147432