A Review of Honeybee Venom Allergens and Allergenicity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology of Honeybee Venom Allergy
3. Mechanism of Hymenoptera Venom Allergy (HVA)
4. Symptoms of Bee Sting Allergy
5. Venom Immunotherapy
6. The Major Honeybee Allergens
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
WAO | The World Allergy Organization |
WHO/IUIS | The World Health Organization’s Allergen Nomenclature Committee |
sIgE | Specific Immunoglobulin E |
MRJP | Major Royal Jelly Protein |
HVA | Hymenoptera Venom Allergy |
CCD | Cross-reacting Carbohydrate Determinant |
LLR | Large Local Reaction |
NR | Normal Local Reaction |
AIT | Allergen Immunotherapy |
VIT | Venom Immunotherapy |
HVA-SYS | Hymenoptera Venom Allergy Systemic |
HBV | Honeybee Venom |
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Type of Hypersensitivity | Mediated by | Effector Mechanism |
---|---|---|
I | IgE | mast cells degranulation and release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators—immediate reaction |
II | IgG, IgM | leading to the complement system activation and cell damage or lysis—cytotoxic reaction |
III | IgG, IgM sometimes IgA | build-up immune complexes resulting in complement system activation, which leads to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) chemotaxis and eventually causing tissue damage—complex reactions |
IV | T-cells | T-cells or macrophages are activated as result of cytokine release leading to tissue damage—delayed-type reaction |
Degree | Symptoms after a Sting |
---|---|
0 | extensive local reaction (swelling > 10 cm lasting > 24 h) |
I | hives, itching |
II | any symptom listed above and at least two of the following: Quincke’s oedema (as a single symptom qualifies as degree II), chest tightness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal colic, dizziness |
III | any of the abovementioned symptoms and at least two of the following: dyspnoea (as a single symptom qualifies as degree III), wheezing (as a single symptom qualifies as degree III), wheezing (as a single symptom it qualifies as degree III) and dysphagia, weakness, a sense of being in a life-threatening situation, anxiety |
IV | any symptoms listed above and at least two of the following: drop in blood pressure, fainting, loss of consciousness, urinary and stool incontinence, cyanosis |
Allergen | Tissues | Biochemical Name | MW [kDa] | Chain | Route of Allergen Exposure | Dry Weight [%] | Position of N-glycosylation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Api m 1 | Venom gland | Phospholipase A2 | 16 | 167 | Injection | 10–12 | 46 |
Api m 2 | Venom gland | Hyaluronidase | 44 | 382 | Injection | 1–3 | 115; 263 |
Api m 3 | Venom gland | Venom acid phosphatase Acph-1 | 43 | 388 | Injection | 1–2 | 182; 228; 366 |
Api m 4 | Venom gland | Melittin | 3 | 70 | Injection | ~50 | - |
Api m 5 | Venom duct | Dipeptidylpeptidase IV | 100 | 775 | Injection | >1 | 68; 239; 473; 505; 578; 631; 689; 694 |
Api m 6 | Venom gland | Api m 6.03/ Api m 6.04 | 8 | 92 | Injection | 1–2 | - |
Api m 7 | Venom duct | CUB serine protease | 39 | 405 | Injection | >1 | 113; 209; 229 |
Api m 8 | Venom duct | Carboxylesterase | 70 | 557 | Injection | >1 | 145; 374; 478; 528; 542 |
Api m 9 | Venom duct | Serine carboxypeptidase | 60 | 467 | Injection | >1 | 130; 169; 304; 322; 344 |
Api m 10 | Venom duct | Icarapin variant 2, carbohydrate-rich protein | 50–55 | 223 | Injection | >1 | 126;142;168;193 |
Api m 11 Api m 11a (0101) | Hypopharyngeal glands | Major royal jelly protein (MRJP)—deglycosylated forms MRJP 8 | 60 | 415 | Injection/ food | - | |
Api m 11b (0201) | MRJP 9 | 65 | 423 | ||||
Api m 12 | Venom gland | Vitellogenin | 200 | Injection | - | 296; 1067 |
Allergen | Sensitisation Frequency (%) | No. of Patients | References |
---|---|---|---|
Api m 1 | 79 | 34 | [64] |
57 | 175 | [65] | |
78 | 100 | [66] | |
72 | 144 | [67] | |
97 | 100 | [68] | |
68 | 16 | [69] | |
126/83 | 54/66 | [70] | |
Api m 2 | 48 | 144 | [67] |
Api m 3 | 50 | 144 | [67] |
38 | 40 | [71] | |
Api m 4 | 27 | 82 | [64] |
42 | 40 | [66] | |
23 | 144 | [67] | |
Api m 5 | 60 | 35 | [72] |
58 | 144 | [67] | |
Api m 6 | 26 | 31 | [73] |
Api m 8 | 28 | 46 | [74] |
Api m 10 | 49 | 68 | [75] |
62 | 144 | [67] | |
Api m 11a (0101) Api m 11b (0201) | 15/34 | 47 | [76] |
Api m 12 | 44 | 45 | [77] |
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Burzyńska, M.; Piasecka-Kwiatkowska, D. A Review of Honeybee Venom Allergens and Allergenicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 8371. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168371
Burzyńska M, Piasecka-Kwiatkowska D. A Review of Honeybee Venom Allergens and Allergenicity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(16):8371. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168371
Chicago/Turabian StyleBurzyńska, Marta, and Dorota Piasecka-Kwiatkowska. 2021. "A Review of Honeybee Venom Allergens and Allergenicity" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16: 8371. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168371