Rosmarinic Acid Increases Macrophage Cholesterol Efflux through Regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 in Different Mechanisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. RA Reduced oxLDL-Induced Lipid and Cholesterol Contents under High Glucose (HG) Conditions in Macrophage
2.2. RA Increases Cholesterol Efflux by Upregulating ABCA1 and ABCG1
2.3. RA Mediated ABCA1 and ABCG1 Expression through the Activation STAT3 Signaling in THP-1 Macrophages
2.4. RA Induced ABCA1 and ABCG1 Expression through Differential Regulation of the MAPK Pathways in THP-1 Macrophages
2.5. RA-Activated PKC Pathway Was Involved in the ABCA1 and ABCG1 Expression through Differential Regulation of p38 and ERK1/2 Pathway
2.6. RA Stabilized ABCA1 Primarily Rather Than ABCG1 Protein Levels by Impairing Protein Degradation in THP-1 Macrophages
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Preparation of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (oxLDL) and Cell Treatment
4.3. Cell Culture and Treatment
4.4. Cell Viability Assay
4.5. ORO Staining
4.6. Intracellular Lipid Measurement
4.7. Cholesterol Efflux Assay
4.8. Protein Extraction and Western Blotting
4.9. Data and Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nyandwi, J.-B.; Ko, Y.S.; Jin, H.; Yun, S.P.; Park, S.W.; Kim, H.J. Rosmarinic Acid Increases Macrophage Cholesterol Efflux through Regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 in Different Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 8791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168791
Nyandwi J-B, Ko YS, Jin H, Yun SP, Park SW, Kim HJ. Rosmarinic Acid Increases Macrophage Cholesterol Efflux through Regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 in Different Mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(16):8791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168791
Chicago/Turabian StyleNyandwi, Jean-Baptiste, Young Shin Ko, Hana Jin, Seung Pil Yun, Sang Won Park, and Hye Jung Kim. 2021. "Rosmarinic Acid Increases Macrophage Cholesterol Efflux through Regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 in Different Mechanisms" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16: 8791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168791