Trans-Chalcone Plus Baicalein Synergistically Reduce Intracellular Amyloid Beta (Aβ42) and Protect from Aβ42 Induced Oxidative Damage in Yeast Models of Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Baicalein and Trans-Chalcone Were the Most Effective Compounds to Reduce Green Fluorescent Cells
2.2. Combination of Baicalein and Trans-Chalcone Significantly Reduced Levels of GFP-Aβ42 as Compared to Single Compound Treatments
2.3. The Most Effective Combination of Baicalein and Trans-Chalcone to Show Synergy in Reducing GFP-Aβ42 Was Not Growth Inhibitory
2.4. 8 μM Baicalein Plus 15 μM Trans-Chalcone Does Not Inhibit Growth, Reduces GFP-Aβ42 and Rescues Cells from Aβ42-Induced ROS
2.5. 15 μM Trans-Chalcone and 8 μM Baicalein Significantly Reduced Aβ42 Levels
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Strains of Yeast and Culture Media
4.2. Screening of Bioactive Compounds That Reduce Expression of GFP-Aβ42
4.3. Evaluation of Combination Effect of Two Most Effective Compounds for Their Ability to Reduce GFP-Aβ42 Levels
4.4. Growth Inhibition Assay
4.5. Measurement of ROS Using 2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate (H2DCFDA) Staining
4.6. Determination of Aβ42 Protein Levels by MALDI-TOF MS
4.6.1. Chemical Treatment of Yeast Cells and Extraction of Cell Lysates for Determination of Amyloid Beta Turnover
4.6.2. MALDI-TOF Analysis of the Aβ42 Levels in Yeast Cell Lysates
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dhakal, S.; Ramsland, P.A.; Adhikari, B.; Macreadie, I. Trans-Chalcone Plus Baicalein Synergistically Reduce Intracellular Amyloid Beta (Aβ42) and Protect from Aβ42 Induced Oxidative Damage in Yeast Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 9456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179456
Dhakal S, Ramsland PA, Adhikari B, Macreadie I. Trans-Chalcone Plus Baicalein Synergistically Reduce Intracellular Amyloid Beta (Aβ42) and Protect from Aβ42 Induced Oxidative Damage in Yeast Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(17):9456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179456
Chicago/Turabian StyleDhakal, Sudip, Paul A. Ramsland, Benu Adhikari, and Ian Macreadie. 2021. "Trans-Chalcone Plus Baicalein Synergistically Reduce Intracellular Amyloid Beta (Aβ42) and Protect from Aβ42 Induced Oxidative Damage in Yeast Models of Alzheimer’s Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17: 9456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179456