The Antagonism of the Prokineticin System Counteracts Bortezomib Induced Side Effects: Focus on Mood Alterations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- verify if, in the experimental model of BTZ-induced neuropathic pain, the presence of hypersensitivity is related to the presence of emotional alterations such as anxiety and depression;
- evaluate the role of neuroinflammation and the involvement of the PK system in such alterations;
- verify whether the treatment with the PKRs antagonist PC1, at a protocol able to counteract pain, can prevent the development of mood alterations.
2. Results
2.1. Effect of BTZ Treatment on Mechanical Allodynia, Strength and Locomotor Activity
2.2. Effect of BTZ Treatment on Mood
2.3. Effect of BTZ Treatment on Hippocampus (HPC) Neuroinflammation
2.4. Effect of BTZ Treatment on Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) Neuroinflammation
2.5. Effect of BTZ Treatment on Hypothalamus (HPT) Neuroinflammation
2.6. Morphological Changes of Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cerebral Cortex Observed by Light and Transmission Electron Microscopy
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Neuropathy Induction and Therapeutic Treatment with PC1
4.3. Behavioral Tests
4.4. Von Frey Test: Mechanical Allodynia
4.5. Static Rod Test: Coordination and Balance
4.6. Grip Strength Test: Muscle Force
4.7. Dark Light Test: Anxiety-Like Behavior
4.8. Marble Burying Test: Anxiety-Like Behavior
4.9. Swimming Forced Test: Depression-like Behavior
4.10. Sucrose Preference Test: Anhedonia/Depression-like Behavior
4.11. Brain Areas Collection and Real Time-qPCR
4.12. Light and Transmission Eelectron Microscopy
4.13. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Amodeo, G.; Verduci, B.; Sartori, P.; Procacci, P.; Conte, V.; Balboni, G.; Sacerdote, P.; Franchi, S. The Antagonism of the Prokineticin System Counteracts Bortezomib Induced Side Effects: Focus on Mood Alterations. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 10256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910256
Amodeo G, Verduci B, Sartori P, Procacci P, Conte V, Balboni G, Sacerdote P, Franchi S. The Antagonism of the Prokineticin System Counteracts Bortezomib Induced Side Effects: Focus on Mood Alterations. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(19):10256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910256
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmodeo, Giada, Benedetta Verduci, Patrizia Sartori, Patrizia Procacci, Vincenzo Conte, Gianfranco Balboni, Paola Sacerdote, and Silvia Franchi. 2021. "The Antagonism of the Prokineticin System Counteracts Bortezomib Induced Side Effects: Focus on Mood Alterations" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 19: 10256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910256