Functions of PPR Proteins in Plant Growth and Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Functions of PPR Proteins in Cytoplasmic Male Sterility
3. Functions of PPR Proteins in Plant Responses to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
4. Functions of PPR Proteins in Seed Development
5. Mechanisms of PPR Protein-Mediated RNA Processing in Plant Organelles
5.1. Molecular Mechanisms of PPR Proteins in C-to-U RNA Editing
5.2. Molecular Mechanisms of PPR Proteins in Group II Intron Splicing
6. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Subcellular Localization | Mutant Phenotype | Protein Name | PPR Class | Function(s) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maize | Mitochondrion | dek | DEK2 | P | RNA splicing, nad1 intron 1 | [52] |
Mitochondrion | dek | DEK10 | PLS | RNA editing, nad3-61, 62, and cox2-550 | [53] | |
Mitochondrion | dek | DEK35 | P | RNA splicing, nad4 intron 1 | [54] | |
Mitochondrion | dek | DEK36 | PLS | RNA editing, atp4-59, nad7-383, and ccmFN-302 | [55] | |
Mitochondrion | dek | DEK37 | P | RNA splicing, nad2 intron 1 | [56] | |
Mitochondrion | dek | DEK39 | PLS | RNA editing, nad3-247 and nad3-275 | [57] | |
Mitochondrion | dek | DEK40 | PLS | RNA editing, cox3-314, nad2-26, and nad5-1916 | [58] | |
Mitochondrion | dek | DEK41/ DEK43 | P | RNA splicing, nad4 intron 1 and 3 | [59,60] | |
Mitochondrion | dek | DEK46 | PLS | RNA editing, D5-C22 of nad7 intron 3 and 4 | [61] | |
Mitochondrion | dek | DEK53 | PLS | RNA editing, multiples sites | [62] | |
Mitochondrion | dek | DEK55 | PLS | RNA splicing, nad4 intron 1 and 3;RNA editing, multiple sites | [63] | |
Mitochondrion | dek | DEK605 | PLS | RNA editing, nad1-608 | [64] | |
Mitochondrion | smk | SMK1 | PLS | RNA editing, nad7-836 | [65] | |
Mitochondrion | smk | SMK4 | PLS | RNA editing, cox1-1489 | [66] | |
Mitochondrion | smk | SMK6 | PLS | RNA editing, nad1-740, nad4L-110, nad7-739, and mttB-138, 139 | [67] | |
Mitochondrion | smk | ZmSMK9 | P | RNA splicing, nad5 intron 1 and 4 | [68] | |
Mitochondrion | smk | PPR2263 | PLS | RNA editing, nad5-1550 and cob-908 | [69] | |
Mitochondrion | smk | MPPR6 | P | Translation, rps3 mRNA | [70] | |
Mitochondrion | dek/smk | PPR20 | P | RNA splicing, nad2 intron 3 | [71] | |
Mitochondrion | smk | PPR78 | P | RNA stabilization, nad5 mature mRNA | [72] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | EMP4 | P | Expression of mitochondrial transcripts | [73] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | EMP5 | PLS | RNA editing, multiple sites | [74] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | EMP7 | PLS | RNA editing, ccmFN-1553 | [75] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | EMP8 | P | RNA splicing, nad1 intron 4, nad2 intron 1, and nad4 intron 1 | [76] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | EMP9 | PLS | RNA editing, ccmB-43 and rps4-335 | [77] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | EMP10 | P | RNA splicing, nad2 intron 1 | [78] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | EMP11 | P | RNA splicing, nad1 intron 1, 2, 3, and 4 | [79] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | EMP12 | P | RNA splicing, nad2 intron 1, 2, and 4 | [80] | |
Chloroplast | smk | qKW9 | PLS | RNA editing, NdhB-246 | [81] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | EMP16 | P | RNA splicing, nad2 intron 4 | [82] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | EMP17 | PLS | RNA editing, ccmFC-799 and nad2-677 | [83] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | EMP18 | PLS | RNA editing, atp6-635 and cox2-449 | [84] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | EMP21 | PLS | RNA editing, multiple sites | [85] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | EMP32 | P | RNA splicing, nad7 intron 2 | [86] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | EMP602 | P | RNA splicing, nad4 intron 1 and 3 | [87] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | EMP603 | P | RNA splicing, nad1 intron 2 | [88] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | PPR14 | P | RNA splicing, nad2 intron 3, nad7 intron 1 and 2 | [89] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | PPR18 | P | RNA splicing, nad4 intron 1 | [90] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | PPR27 | PLS | RNA editing, multiple sites | [91] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | PPR101 | P | RNA splicing, nad5 intron 1 and 2 | [92] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | PPR231 | P | RNA splicing, nad5 intron 1, 2, 3 and nad2 intron 3 | [92] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | PPR-SMR1 | P | RNA splicing, multiple introns | [93] | |
Chloroplast | emb | PPR8522 | P | RNA transcription, nearly all chloroplast-encoded genes | [94] | |
Chloroplast | emb | EMB-7L | P | RNA splicing, multiple introns | [95] | |
Arabidopsis | Mitochondrion | dek | OTP43 | P | RNA splicing, nad1 intron 1 | [96] |
Mitochondrion | smk | PPR19 | P | RNA stabilization, nad1 mature mRNA | [97] | |
Mitochondrion | emp | BLX | PLS | RNA editing, multiple sites; RNA splicing, nad1 intron 4 and nad2 intron 1 | [98] | |
Chloroplast | emb | AtPPR2 | P | RNA translation | [99] | |
Chloroplast | emb | ECD2 | P | RNA splicing, ndhA, ycf3 intron 1, rps12 intron 2 and clpp intron 2 | [100] | |
Chloroplast | emb | EMB2654 | P | RNA splicing, rps12 intron 1 | [101] | |
Mitochondrion | emb | EMB2794 | P | RNA splicing, nad2 intron 2 | [102] | |
Nucleus | emb | GRP23 | P | RNA transcription | [103] | |
Mitochondrion | emb | MID1 | P | RNA splicing, nad2 intron 1 | [104] | |
Chloroplast | emb | PMD3 | P | RNA splicing, trnA, ndhB, and clpP-1 | [105] |
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Li, X.; Sun, M.; Liu, S.; Teng, Q.; Li, S.; Jiang, Y. Functions of PPR Proteins in Plant Growth and Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 11274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011274
Li X, Sun M, Liu S, Teng Q, Li S, Jiang Y. Functions of PPR Proteins in Plant Growth and Development. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(20):11274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011274
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Xiulan, Mengdi Sun, Shijuan Liu, Qian Teng, Shihui Li, and Yueshui Jiang. 2021. "Functions of PPR Proteins in Plant Growth and Development" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20: 11274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011274