The Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer, Lung Cancer and Pancreatic Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Immunotherapy of Colorectal Cancer
2.1. Immunotherapy Using Checkpolint Inhibitors
2.2. Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy
2.3. Development of New Targets for Immunotherapy
3. Immunotherapy of Lung Cancer
3.1. Immunotherapy Using Checkpolint Inhibitors
3.2. Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy
4. Immunotherapy of Pancreatic Cancer
4.1. Immune Check Point Inhibitor
4.2. Therapeutic Cancer Vaccine
4.3. Adoptive Cell Transfer
4.4. Agonistic Immunotherapy
4.5. Myeloid-Based Immunotherapy
4.6. Stroma-Modulating Immunotherapy
5. Discussions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Riley, R.S.; June, C.H.; Langer, R.; Mitchell, M.J. Delivery technologies for cancer immunotherapy. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2019, 18, 175–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- O’Donnell, J.S.; Teng, M.W.L.; Smyth, M.J. Cancer immunoediting and resistance to T cell-based immunotherapy. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 2019, 16, 151–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wedekind, M.F.; Denton, N.L.; Chen, C.-Y.; Cripe, T.P. Pediatric Cancer Immunotherapy: Opportunities and Challenges. Pediatr. Drugs 2018, 20, 395–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Watanabe, N.; Gavrieli, M.; Sedy, J.; Yang, J.; Fallarino, F.; Loftin, S.K.; A Hurchla, M.; Zimmerman, N.; Sim, J.; Zang, X.; et al. BTLA is a lymphocyte inhibitory receptor with similarities to CTLA-4 and PD-1. Nat. Immunol. 2003, 4, 670–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Isabelle, L.M.; Randolph, J.N. Beyond CTLA-4 and PD-1, the Generation Z of Negative Checkpoint Regulators. Front. Immunol. 2015, 6, 418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. Immune Checkpoint Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. 2021. Available online: https://www.cellsignal.jp/pathways/immune-checkpoint-signaling-pathway (accessed on 1 March 2018).
- Rahib, L.; Smith, B.D.; Aizenberg, R.; Rosenzweig, A.B.; Fleshman, J.M.; Matrisian, L.M. Projecting cancer incidence and deaths to 2030: The unexpected burden of thyroid, liver, and pancreas cancers in the United States. Cancer Res. 2014, 74, 2913–2921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Weitz, J.; Koch, M.; Debus, J.; Höhler, T.; Galle, P.R.; Büchler, M.W. Colorectal cancer. Lancet 2005, 365, 153–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- The Lancet Oncology. Colorectal cancer: A disease of the young? Lancet Oncol. 2017, 18, 413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prichard, P.J.; Tjandra, J.J. Colorectal cancer. Med. J. Aust. 1998, 169, 493–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thanikachalam, K.; Khan, G. Colorectal Cancer and Nutrition. Nutrients 2019, 11, 164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kuipers, E.J.; Grady, W.M.; Lieberman, D.; Seufferlein, T.; Sung, J.J.; Boelens, P.G.; Van De Velde, C.J.H.; Watanabe, T. Colorectal cancer. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 2015, 1, 15065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Patel, S.G.; Boland, C.R. Coloretal cancer is persons under age 50: Seeking causes and solutions. Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. North Am. 2020, 30, 441–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Modest, D.P.; Pant, S.; Sartore-Bianchi, A. Treatment sequencing in metastatic colorectal cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 2019, 109, 70–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piawah, S.; Venook, A.P. Targeted therapy for colorectal cancer metastases: A review of current methods of molecularly targeted therapy and the use of tumor biomarkers in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer 2019, 125, 4139–4147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burness, C.B.; Duggan, S.T. Trifluridine/Tipiracil: A Review in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Drugs 2016, 76, 1393–1402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Cutsem, E.; Danielewicz, I.; Saunders, M.P.; Pfeiffer, P.; Argilés, G.; Borg, C.; Glynne-Jones, R.; Punt, C.J.A.; Van de Wouw, A.J.; Fedyanin, M.; et al. Trifluridine/tipiracil plus bevacizumab in patients with untreated metastatic colorectal cancer ineligible for intensive therapy: The randomized TASCO1 study. Ann. Oncol. 2020, 31, 1160–1168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chan, B.M.; Hochster, H.S.; Lenz, H.-J. The safety and efficacy of trifluridine–tipiracil for metastatic colorectal cancer: A pharmacy perspective. Am. J. Heal. Pharm. 2019, 76, 339–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Celecoxib Monograph for Professionals. Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Available online: https://www.drugs.com/monograph/celecoxib.html (accessed on 5 May 2020).
- Wu, C. Systemic Therapy for Colon Cancer. Surg. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 2018, 27, 235–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stein, A.; Folprecht, G. Immunotherapy of Colon Cancer. Oncol. Res. Treat. 2018, 41, 282–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lichtenstern, C.R.; Ngu, R.K.; Shalapour, S.; Karin, M. Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer. Cells 2020, 9, 618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- FDA. FDA Approves First-Line Immunotherapy for Patients with MSI-H/dMMR Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. 2020. Available online: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-line-immunotherapy-patients-msi-hdmmr-metastatic-colorectal-cancer (accessed on 29 June 2020).
- Opdivo-Nivolumab Injection. DailyMed. 2019. Available online: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=f570b9c4-6846-4de2-abfa-4d0a4ae4e394 (accessed on 11 March 2020).
- Llosa, N.J.; Luber, B.; Siegel, N.; Awan, A.H.; Oke, T.; Zhu, Q.; Bartlett, B.R.; Aulakh, L.; Thompson, E.D.; Jaffee, E.; et al. Immunopathologic Stratification of Colorectal Cancer for Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol. Res. 2019, 7, 1574–1579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- FDA. Drug Approval Package: Yervoy (ipilimumab) Injection NDA #125377. 24 December 1999. Available online: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2011/125377Orig1s000TOC.cfm (accessed on 2 October 2020).
- Chalabi, M.; Fanchi, L.F.; Dijkstra, K.K.; Berg, J.G.V.D.; Aalbers, A.G.; Sikorska, K.; Lopez-Yurda, M.; Grootscholten, C.; Beets, G.L.; Snaebjornsson, P.; et al. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy leads to pathological responses in MMR-proficient and MMR-deficient early-stage colon cancers. Nat. Med. 2020, 26, 566–576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villarreal, D.O.; L’Huillier, A.; Armington, S.; Mottershead, C.; Filippova, E.V.; Coder, B.D.; Petit, R.G.; Princiotta, M.F. Targeting CCR8 Induces Protective Antitumor Immunity and Enhances Vaccine-Induced Responses in Colon Cancer. Cancer Res. 2018, 78, 5340–5348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nasim, F.; Sabath, B.F.; Eapen, G.A. Lung Cancer. Med Clin. North Am. 2019, 103, 463–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bade, B.C.; Cruz, C.S.D. Lung Cancer 2020: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention. Clin. Chest Med. 2020, 41, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Collins, L.G.; Haines, C.; Perkel, R.; Enck, E.R. Lung cancer: Diagnosis and management. Am. Fam. Physician 2007, 75, 56–63. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Schabath, M.B.; Cote, M.L. Cancer Progress and Priorities: Lung Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2019, 28, 1563–1579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nanavaty, P.; Alvarez, M.S.; Alberts, W.M. Lung Cancer Screening: Advantages, Controversies, and Applications. Cancer Control. 2014, 21, 9–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jones, G.S.; Baldwin, D.R. Recent advances in the management of lung cancer. Clin. Med. 2018, 18, s41–s46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lemjabbar-Alaoui, H.; Hassan, O.U.; Yang, Y.-W.; Buchanan, P. Lung cancer: Biology and treatment options. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Bioenerg. 2015, 1856, 189–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hirsch, F.R.; Scagliotti, G.V.; Mulshine, J.L.; Kwon, R.; Curran, W.J.; Wu, Y.-L.; Paz-Ares, L. Lung cancer: Current therapies and new targeted treatments. Lancet 2016, 389, 299–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Evans, M. Lung cancer: Needs assessment, treatment and therapies. Br. J. Nurs. 2013, 22, S15–S22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Duma, N.; Santana-Davila, R.; Molina, J.R. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2019, 94, 1623–1640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pirker, R. Chemotherapy remains a cornerstone in the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 2020, 32, 63–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vinod, S.K.; Hau, E. Radiotherapy treatment for lung cancer: Current status and future directions. Respirology 2020, 25, 61–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naylor, E.C.; Desani, J.K.; Chung, P.K. Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer. Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 2016, 25, 601–609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Patel, S.A.; Weiss, J. Advances in the treatment of mon-small cell lung cancer: Immunotherapy. Clin. Chest Med. 2020, 41, 237–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Quaratino, S.; Forssmann, U.; Marschner, J.-P. New Approaches in Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Lung Cancer. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2017, 405, 1–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martinez, P.; Peters, S.; Stammers, T.; Soria, J.-C. Immunotherapy for the First-Line Treatment of Patients with Metastatic Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2019, 25, 2691–2698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rolfo, C.; Caglevic, C.; Santarpia, M.; Araujo, A.; Giovannetti, E.; Gallardo, C.D.; Pauwels, P.; Mahave, M. Immunotherapy in NSCLC: A Promising and Revolutionary Weapon. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2017, 995, 97–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- El Karak, F.; Haddad, F.G.; Eid, R.; Al Ghor, M.; Rassy, E.; Ahmadieh, N.; Choullamy, T.; A Halim, N.; Tfayli, A.; Farhat, F.; et al. Lung cancer and immunotherapy: A real-life experience from second line and beyond. Futur. Oncol. 2019, 15, 3025–3032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jia, X.-H.; Xu, H.; Geng, L.-Y.; Jiao, M.; Wang, W.-J.; Jiang, L.-L.; Guo, H. Efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in resectable nonsmall cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis. Lung Cancer 2020, 147, 143–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vincent, A.; Herman, J.; Schulick, R.; Hruban, R.H.; Goggins, M. Pancreatic cancer. Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer. Lancet 2011, 378, 607–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ilic, M.; Ilic, I. Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer. World J. Gastroenterol. 2016, 22, 9694–9705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ansari, D.; Tingstedt, B.; Andersson, B.; Holmquist, F.; Sturesson, C.; Williamsson, C.; Sasor, A.; Borg, D.; Bauden, M.; Andersson, R. Pancreatic cancer: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. Futur. Oncol. 2016, 12, 1929–1946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Goral, V. Pancreatic Cancer: Pathogenesis and Diagnosis. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2015, 16, 5619–5624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chu, L.; Goggins, M.G.; Fishman, E. Diagnosis and Detection of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer J. 2017, 23, 333–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, H.-Y.; Cui, Z.-M.; Chen, J.; Guo, X.-Z.; Li, Y.-Y. Pancreatic cancer: Diagnosis and treatments. Tumor Biol. 2015, 36, 1375–1384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lin, Q.-J.; Yang, F.; Jin, C.; Fu, D.-L. Current status and progress of pancreatic cancer in China. World J. Gastroenterol. 2015, 21, 7988–8003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ercan, G.; Karlitepe, A.; Ozpolat, B. Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells and Therapeutic Approaches. Anticancer. Res. 2017, 37, 2761–2775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Schizas, D.; Charalampakis, N.; Kole, C.; Economopoulou, P.; Koustas, E.; Gkotsis, E.; Ziogas, D.; Psyrri, A.; Karamouzis, M.V. Immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer: A 2020 update. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2020, 86, 102016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gautam, S.K.; Kumar, S.; Dam, V.; Ghersi, D.; Jain, M.; Batra, S.K. MUCIN-4 (MUC4) is a novel tumor antigen in pancreatic cancer immunotherapy. Semin. Immunol. 2020, 47, 101391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sunami, Y.; Kleeff, J. Immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer. Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci. 2019, 164, 189–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morrison, A.H.; Byrne, K.T.; Vonderheide, R.H. Immunotherapy and Prevention of Pancreatic Cancer. Trends Cancer 2018, 4, 418–428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tran, T.B.; Maker, V.K.; Maker, A.V. Impact of Immunotherapy after Resection of Pancreatic Cancer. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2019, 229, 19–27.e1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Winograd, R.; Byrne, K.; Evans, R.A.; Odorizzi, P.M.; Meyer, A.R.L.; Bajor, D.L.; Clendenin, C.; Stanger, B.Z.; Furth, E.E.; Wherry, E.J.; et al. Induction of T-cell Immunity Overcomes Complete Resistance to PD-1 and CTLA-4 Blockade and Improves Survival in Pancreatic Carcinoma. Cancer Immunol. Res. 2015, 3, 399–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Moral, J.A.; Leung, J.; Rojas, L.A.; Ruan, J.; Zhao, J.; Sethna, Z.; Ramnarain, A.; Gasmi, B.; Gururajan, M.; Redmond, D.; et al. ILC2s amplify PD-1 blockade by activating tissue-specific cancer immunity. Nature 2020, 579, 130–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Middleton, G.; Silcocks, P.; Cox, T.; Valle, J.; Wadsley, J.; Propper, D.; Coxon, F.; Ross, P.; Madhusudan, S.; Roques, T.; et al. Gemcitabine and capecitabine with or without telomerase peptide vaccine GV1001 in patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer (TeloVac): An open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014, 15, 829–840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naseri, M.; Bozorgmehr, M.; Zöller, M.; Pirmardan, E.R.; Madjd, Z. Tumor-derived exosomes: The next generation of promising cell-free vaccines in cancer immunotherapy. OncoImmunology 2020, 9, 1779991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yong, C.S.M.; Dardalhon, V.; Devaud, C.; Taylor, N.; Darcy, P.K.; Kershaw, M.H. CAR T-cell therapy of solid tumors. Immunol. Cell Biol. 2017, 95, 356–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Winter, J.M.; Tang, L.H.; Klimstra, D.S.; Brennan, M.F.; Brody, J.R.; Rocha, F.G.; Jia, X.; Qin, L.-X.; D’Angelica, M.I.; DeMatteo, R.P.; et al. A Novel Survival-Based Tissue Microarray of Pancreatic Cancer Validates MUC1 and Mesothelin as Biomarkers. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e40157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, Y.; Shi, Y.; Haymaker, C.L.; Naing, A.; Ciliberto, G.; Hajjar, J. T-cell agonists in cancer immunotherapy. J. Immunother. Cancer 2020, 8, e000966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beatty, G.L.; Chiorean, E.G.; Fishman, M.P.; Saboury, B.; Teitelbaum, U.R.; Sun, W.; Huhn, R.D.; Song, W.; Li, D.; Sharp, L.L.; et al. CD40 Agonists Alter Tumor Stroma and Show Efficacy against Pancreatic Carcinoma in Mice and Humans. Science 2011, 331, 1612–1616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cotechini, T.; Medler, T.R.; Coussens, L.M. Myeloid Cells as Targets for Therapy in Solid Tumors. Cancer J. 2015, 21, 343–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhang, Y.; Velez-Delgado, A.; Mathew, E.; Li, D.; Mendez, F.M.; Flannagan, K.; Rhim, A.D.; Simeone, D.M.; Beatty, G.L.; di Magliano, M.P. Myeloid cells are required for PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint activation and the establishment of an immunosuppressive environment in pancreatic cancer. Gut 2016, 66, 124–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Joyce, J.A.; Fearon, D.T. T cell exclusion, immune privilege, and the tumor microenvironment. Science 2015, 348, 74–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Spill, F.; Reynolds, D.S.; Kamm, R.D.; Zaman, M.H. Impact of the physical microenvironment on tumor progression and metastasis. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2016, 40, 41–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rhim, A.D.; Oberstein, P.E.; Thomas, D.H.; Mirek, E.T.; Palermo, C.F.; Sastra, S.A.; Dekleva, E.N.; Saunders, T.; Becerra, C.P.; Tattersall, I.; et al. Stromal Elements Act to Restrain, Rather Than Support, Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell 2014, 25, 735–747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors | Mechanism | Indication |
---|---|---|
Pembrolizumab (Keytruda®) | Inhibition of programmed cell death protein (PD-1) | Lung cancer, head and neck cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, |
Nivolumab (Opdivo®) | Inhibition of PD-1 | melanoma, lung cancer, malignant pleural mesothelioma, renal cell carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, head and neck cancer, urothelial carcinoma, colonrectal cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, liver cancer, gastric cancer and esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer. |
Atezolizumab (Tecentriq®) | Inhibition of programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) | Urothelial carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). |
Durvalumab (Imfinzi®) | Inhibition of PD-L1 | Certain types of bladder cancr, lung cancer. |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Chen, S.-J.; Wang, S.-C.; Chen, Y.-C. The Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer, Lung Cancer and Pancreatic Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312836
Chen S-J, Wang S-C, Chen Y-C. The Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer, Lung Cancer and Pancreatic Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(23):12836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312836
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Shiu-Jau, Shao-Cheng Wang, and Yuan-Chuan Chen. 2021. "The Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer, Lung Cancer and Pancreatic Cancer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23: 12836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312836