Effects of Pesticides on Longevity and Bioenergetics in Invertebrates—The Impact of Polyphenolic Metabolites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Pesticide | Target | Acute Toxicity | Literature |
---|---|---|---|
Glyphosate | EPSPS | LD50 Oral: Rat—4.873 mg/kg LD50 Dermal: Rabbit—2.000 mg/kg | [41,42,43,44,45,46,47] |
Fluopyram | Succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) | LD50 Oral: Rat—>2.000 mg/kg LD50 Dermal Rat—>2.000 mg/kg | [17,19,48,49] |
Pyraclostrobin | cytochrome c–oxidoreductase (complex III) | LD50 Oral: Rat—>5.000 mg/kg LC50 Inhalation: Rat—4 h—0.31—1.07 mg/L LD50 Dermal: Rat—>2.000 mg/kg | [50,51,52,53,54,55] |
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Cells
2.3. Nematode and Bacterial Strain
2.4. Cultivation and Treatment
2.5. Heat Stress Survival Assay
2.6. Chemotaxis Assay
2.7. Nematode Homogenization
2.8. ATP Measurement
2.9. Colorimetric Assessment of Lactate and Pyruvate Content
2.10. Protein Quantification
2.11. MTT Cell Viability Test
2.12. Quantitative Real-Time PCR
2.13. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Pesticides Reduce the Survival under Heat Stress at 37 °C
3.2. Chemotaxis Is Not Altered after Exposure to Pesticides
3.3. Energy Metabolites Were Altered in Different Ways by Pesticides
3.4. Effects of Pesticides on mRNA Expression
3.5. Heat Stress Resistance Is Restored after Treatment with Phenolic Metabolites
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Primer | Sequence | Product Size (bp) |
---|---|---|
aak-2 NM_001029697.6 | 5′-tgcttcaccatatgctctgc-3′ 5′-gtggatcatctcccagcaat-3′ | 219 |
ama-1 NM_068122.9 | 5′-ccaggaacttcggctcagta-3′ 5′-tgtatgatggtgaagctggcg-3′ | 85 |
act-2 NM_001383398.2 | 5′-cccactcaatccaaaggcta-3′ 5′-gggactgtgtgggtaacacc-3′ | 168 |
atfs-1 NM_074114.7 | 5′-tcggcgatcgatcagctaac-3′ 5′-agaatcagttcttggattagggga-3′ | 75 |
atp-2 NM_065710.8 | 5′-tccaagtcgctgaggtgttc-3′ 5′-aggtggtcgagttctcctga-3′ | 151 |
daf-16 NM_001026422.6 | 5′-tcctcattcactcccgattc-3′ 5′-ccggtgtattcatgaacgtg-3′ | 175 |
sir-2.1 NM_001268555.5 | 5′-tggctgacgattcgatggat-3′ 5′-atgagcagaaatcgcgacac-3′ | 179 |
skn-1 NM_171345.6 | 5′-acagggtggaaaaagcaagg-3′ 5′-caggccaaacgccaatgac-3′ | 246 |
M9 (Control) | Gly 0.001 mM | M9 (Control) | Fluo 2.5 µM | M9 (Control) | Pyr 5 µM | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
daf-16 | 100.0 ± 11.34 | 81.37 ± 6.095 | 100.0 ± 5.940 | 103.2 ± 11.74 | 100.0 ± 2.323 | 34.42 ± 4.417 **** p < 0.0001 |
sir-2.1 | 100.0 ± 5.070 | 114.9 ± 5.327 | 100.0 ± 6.891 | 86.87 ± 4.198 | 100.0 ± 16.06 | 28.68 ± 13.85 ** p = 0.0072 |
aak-2 | 100.0 ± 15.92 | 91.36 ± 8.859 | 100.0 ± 12.00 | 86.56 ± 11.17 | 100.0 ± 13.20 | 20.20 ± 6.315 *** p < 0.0007 |
atp-2 | 100.0 ± 6.574 | 93.64 ± 4.589 | 100.0 ± 12.47 | 160.5 ± 19.61 * p = 0.0263 | 100.0 ± 9.440 | 13.54 ± 3.302 **** p < 0.0001 |
skn-1 | 100.0 ± 15.80 | 74.41 ± 7.508 | 100.0 ± 12.92 | 95.47 ± 7.471 | 100.0 ± 7.316 | 14.72 ± 5.783 **** p < 0.0001 |
atfs-1 | 100.0 ± 13.29 | 68.17 ± 6.165 | 100.0 ± 8.947 | 83.77 ± 5.508 | 100.0 ± 6.257 | 39.34 ± 9.921 *** p < 0.0004 |
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Schmitt, F.; Babylon, L.; Dieter, F.; Eckert, G.P. Effects of Pesticides on Longevity and Bioenergetics in Invertebrates—The Impact of Polyphenolic Metabolites. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 13478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413478
Schmitt F, Babylon L, Dieter F, Eckert GP. Effects of Pesticides on Longevity and Bioenergetics in Invertebrates—The Impact of Polyphenolic Metabolites. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(24):13478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413478
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchmitt, Fabian, Lukas Babylon, Fabian Dieter, and Gunter P. Eckert. 2021. "Effects of Pesticides on Longevity and Bioenergetics in Invertebrates—The Impact of Polyphenolic Metabolites" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 24: 13478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413478