Genetic Delivery and Gene Therapy in Pulmonary Hypertension
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Pulmonary Endothelium in Pulmonary Hypertension
1.2. Smooth Muscle Layer in Pulmonary Hypertension
1.3. Pulmonary Arterial Adventitia in Pulmonary Hypertension
2. Gene‑Delivery Approaches and Gene Therapy
2.1. Non‑Viral Delivery Dystems
2.1.1. Chemical Transfection
2.1.2. Microinjection
2.1.3. Electroporation
2.2. Viral Delivery Systems
2.2.1. Lentiviral Gene Transfer
Transgelin
Galectin-3 (Gal-3)
Twist1
A Cluster of Differentiation (CD40)
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)
2.2.2. Adenoviral Gene Transfer
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ)
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP)
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Kv1.5
Forkhead Box O (FOXO)
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
Angiostatin
BMPR2
2.2.3. Adeno-Associated Viral Gene Transfer
Angiopoietin-1 (Ang‑1)/Tie2
Prostacyclin Synthase (PGIS)
Interleukin 10 (IL‑10)
Sarco-/Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium‑ATPase (SERCA)
3. Pulmonary Gene Delivery in PAH: Obstacles, Challenges, and Prospective
4. Conclusions
Genes | PH models | Mode of Delivery | Results | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lentiviral | Tagln | Hypoxia rats | Intratracheal | | [178] |
Gal-3 | MCT rats | Intratracheal | OE: KD: | [164,180] | |
Twist1 | Hypoxia mice | Fibrin gel cell delivery | | [185] | |
CD40 | MCT rats | Tail vein | | [189] | |
HIF-1α | Hypoxia rats | Intratracheal | | [196] | |
Adenoviral | Tph1 | Hypoxia rats | Femoral vein | | [210] |
CGRP | Hypoxia mice | Intratracheal | | [222,223] | |
NO | Hypoxia rats | Intratracheal aerosolization | | [234,235] | |
Kv1.5 | Hypoxia rats | Intratracheal nebulization | | [239] | |
FoxO1 | MCT rats | Orotracheal | | [55] | |
VEGF | Hypoxia rats | Intratracheal | | [248] | |
Angiostatin | Hypoxia mice | Intratracheal | | [252] | |
BMPR2 | Hypoxia rats | Tail vein | | [256] | |
Adeno-associated viral | Ang-1/Tie2 | MCT rats | Jugular veindelivery | | [279] |
PGIS | Hypoxia mice MCT rats | Orotracheal | | [285,286,287] | |
IL-10 | MCT-rats | Intramuscular | | [292] | |
SERCA2a | MCT rats, Hypoxia swine | Intratracheal aerosolization Endotracheal nebulization | | [198,297,298] | |
TIMP-1 | MCT rats | Intratracheal | | [309] |
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rai, N.; Shihan, M.; Seeger, W.; Schermuly, R.T.; Novoyatleva, T. Genetic Delivery and Gene Therapy in Pulmonary Hypertension. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031179
Rai N, Shihan M, Seeger W, Schermuly RT, Novoyatleva T. Genetic Delivery and Gene Therapy in Pulmonary Hypertension. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(3):1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031179
Chicago/Turabian StyleRai, Nabham, Mazen Shihan, Werner Seeger, Ralph T. Schermuly, and Tatyana Novoyatleva. 2021. "Genetic Delivery and Gene Therapy in Pulmonary Hypertension" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3: 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031179