Role of Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid-Induced Maternal Immune Activation and Subsequent Immune Challenge in the Behaviour and Microglial Cell Trajectory in Adult Offspring: A Study of the Neurodevelopmental Model of Schizophrenia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Light-Dark Box Test
2.2. Social Interaction Test
2.3. Forced Swim Test
2.4. Exploratory Activity
2.5. Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Response
2.6. mRNA Expression of Microglial Markers in the Frontal Cortices and Hippocampi of Adult Male Offspring
2.7. mRNA Expression of Cx3cl1, Cx3cr1, Cd200 and Cd200r in the Frontal Cortices and Hippocampi of Adult Male Offspring
2.8. Levels of CX3CL1, CX3CR1, CD200, and CD200R Proteins in the Frontal Cortices and Hippocampi of Adult Male Offspring
2.9. IBA1 Levels in the Frontal Cortices and Hippocampi of Adult Male Offspring
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Drugs and Treatment
4.2.1. Prenatal Administration of Poly I:C
4.2.2. Additional Immune Activation with Poly I:C in Adulthood
4.3. Behavioural Tests
4.3.1. Light-Dark Box Test
4.3.2. Social Interaction Test
4.3.3. Forced Swim Test
4.3.4. Exploratory Activity Test
4.3.5. Prepulse Inhibition Test
4.4. Biochemical Analyses
4.4.1. Tissues Collection and Preparation
4.4.2. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
4.4.3. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
4.4.4. Western Blot
4.5. Statistical Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Type of Social Interaction | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Aggressive | Non-Aggressive | |||
Number of Events | Time (s) | Number of Events | Time (s) | |
control | 4.50 ± 1.00 | 19.00 ± 5.01 | 18.88 ± 2.63 | 65.63 ± 12.64 |
MIA | 0.50 ± 0.38 * | 2.00 ± 1.36 * | 18.75 ± 1.84 | 70.13 ± 10.78 |
Prepulse Intensity | Group | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
PND30 | PND60 | |||
Control | MIA | Control | MIA | |
70 dB | 26.29 ± 5.30 | 28.71 ± 6.17 | 40.45 ± 4.50 | 40.98 ± 5.34 |
75 dB | 44.43 ± 6.50 | 46.36 ± 5.77 | 63.29 ± 4.27 | 58.10 ± 6.07 |
80 dB | 47.61 ± 5.56 | 46.05 ± 5.56 | 64.02 ± 4.11 | 61.52 ± 7.85 |
Factor | Gene Expression | |||||
Frontal Cortex | ||||||
Control | MIA | |||||
PPI-Low | PPI-High | |||||
Vehicle | Poly I:C | Vehicle | Poly I:C | Vehicle | Poly I:C | |
Cx3cl1 | 1.03 ± 0.09 | 1.11 ± 0.14 | 0.94 ± 0.13 | 0.74 ± 0.05 & | 0.78 ± 0.07 | 0.97 ± 0.10 |
Cx3cr1 | 1.05 ± 0.12 | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 1.01 ± 0.14 | 0.71 ± 0.09 | 1.01 ± 0.17 | 0.67 ± 0.06 ^ |
Cd200 | 1.01 ± 0.05 | 1.12 ± 0.13 | 1.03 ± 0.08 | 0.97 ± 0.11 | 0.94 ± 0.08 | 0.97 ± 0.09 |
Cd200r | 1.04 ± 0.10 | 0.78 ± 0.18 | 0.83 ± 0.10 | 0.80 ± 0.11 | 0.89 ± 0.15 | 0.87 ± 0.15 |
Factor | Hippocampus | |||||
Control | MIA | |||||
PPI-Low | PPI-High | |||||
Vehicle | Poly I:C | Vehicle | Poly I:C | Vehicle | Poly I:C | |
Cx3cl1 | 1.03 ± 0.08 | 1.20 ± 0.08 | 0.94 ± 0.08 | 1.09 ± 0.12 | 0.70 ± 0.04 *# | 0.82 ± 0.03 &$ |
Cx3cr1 | 1.05 ± 0.13 | 1.02 ± 0.09 | 0.97 ± 0.09 | 0.89 ± 0.16 | 0.74 ± 0.04 * | 0.76 ± 0.06 & |
Cd200 | 1.02 ± 0.07 | 1.09 ± 0.11 | 0.84 ± 0.08 | 0.95 ± 0.09 | 0.87 ± 0.07 | 1.04 ± 0.11 |
Cd200r | 1.06 ± 0.12 | 1.40 ± 0.24 | 0.92 ± 0.07 | 1.34 ± 0.20 | 1.05 ± 0.10 | 0.93 ± 0.09 |
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Chamera, K.; Trojan, E.; Kotarska, K.; Szuster-Głuszczak, M.; Bryniarska, N.; Tylek, K.; Basta-Kaim, A. Role of Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid-Induced Maternal Immune Activation and Subsequent Immune Challenge in the Behaviour and Microglial Cell Trajectory in Adult Offspring: A Study of the Neurodevelopmental Model of Schizophrenia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041558
Chamera K, Trojan E, Kotarska K, Szuster-Głuszczak M, Bryniarska N, Tylek K, Basta-Kaim A. Role of Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid-Induced Maternal Immune Activation and Subsequent Immune Challenge in the Behaviour and Microglial Cell Trajectory in Adult Offspring: A Study of the Neurodevelopmental Model of Schizophrenia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(4):1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041558
Chicago/Turabian StyleChamera, Katarzyna, Ewa Trojan, Katarzyna Kotarska, Magdalena Szuster-Głuszczak, Natalia Bryniarska, Kinga Tylek, and Agnieszka Basta-Kaim. 2021. "Role of Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid-Induced Maternal Immune Activation and Subsequent Immune Challenge in the Behaviour and Microglial Cell Trajectory in Adult Offspring: A Study of the Neurodevelopmental Model of Schizophrenia" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4: 1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041558