Thyroid Carcinoma: Phenotypic Features, Underlying Biology and Potential Relevance for Targeting Therapy

Hu, Jinwei; Yuan, Isabella J.; Mirshahidi, Saied; Simental, Alfred; Lee, Steve C.; Yuan, Xiangpeng

doi:10.3390/ijms22041950

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Thyroid Carcinoma: Phenotypic Features, Underlying Biology and Potential Relevance for Targeting Therapy

by

Jinwei Hu

^1,†,

Isabella J. Yuan

^1,‡,

Saied Mirshahidi

²,

Alfred Simental

¹,

Steve C. Lee

¹ and

Xiangpeng Yuan

^1,*

¹

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA

²

Cancer Center Biospecimen Laboratory, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

Current address: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fontana Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA 92335, USA.

^‡

Student of internship.

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(4), 1950; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041950

Submission received: 21 December 2020 / Revised: 10 February 2021 / Accepted: 12 February 2021 / Published: 16 February 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Cell)

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Abstract

Thyroid carcinoma consists a group of phenotypically heterogeneous cancers. Recent advances in biological technologies have been advancing the delineation of genetic, epigenetic, and non-genetic factors that contribute to the heterogeneities of these cancers. In this review article, we discuss new findings that are greatly improving the understanding of thyroid cancer biology and facilitating the identification of novel targets for therapeutic intervention. We review the phenotypic features of different subtypes of thyroid cancers and their underlying biology. We discuss recent discoveries in thyroid cancer heterogeneities and the critical mechanisms contributing to the heterogeneity with emphases on genetic and epigenetic factors, cancer stemness traits, and tumor microenvironments. We also discuss the potential relevance of the intratumor heterogeneity in understanding therapeutic resistance and how new findings in tumor biology can facilitate designing novel targeting therapies for thyroid cancer.

Keywords: thyroid carcinoma; heterogeneity; cancer stem cells; tumor microenvironments; genetics; epigenetics; targeting therapy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hu, J.; Yuan, I.J.; Mirshahidi, S.; Simental, A.; Lee, S.C.; Yuan, X. Thyroid Carcinoma: Phenotypic Features, Underlying Biology and Potential Relevance for Targeting Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 1950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041950

AMA Style

Hu J, Yuan IJ, Mirshahidi S, Simental A, Lee SC, Yuan X. Thyroid Carcinoma: Phenotypic Features, Underlying Biology and Potential Relevance for Targeting Therapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(4):1950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041950

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hu, Jinwei, Isabella J. Yuan, Saied Mirshahidi, Alfred Simental, Steve C. Lee, and Xiangpeng Yuan. 2021. "Thyroid Carcinoma: Phenotypic Features, Underlying Biology and Potential Relevance for Targeting Therapy" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4: 1950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041950

APA Style

Hu, J., Yuan, I. J., Mirshahidi, S., Simental, A., Lee, S. C., & Yuan, X. (2021). Thyroid Carcinoma: Phenotypic Features, Underlying Biology and Potential Relevance for Targeting Therapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(4), 1950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041950

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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Thyroid Carcinoma: Phenotypic Features, Underlying Biology and Potential Relevance for Targeting Therapy

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