Metabolic Syndrome and Reproduction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. MetS Definitions
4. MetS and Associated Conditions
5. MetS Prevalence in Infertile and Fertile Men
5.1. MetS Prevalence in Infertile Men
5.2. MetS Prevalence in Fertile Men
5.3. Studies Comparing MetS Prevalence in Fertile and Infertile Men
6. MetS and Semen Parameters
6.1. Cross-Sectional Studies
6.1.1. Analytical Description of the Cross-Sectional Studies
6.1.2. Summary of the Significant Associations Between MetS and Seminal Parameters Investigated
6.1.3. Summary of the Significant Associations Between MetS and Hormonal Parameters Investigated
7. Preclinical Studies
8. Treatment of MetS and Its Impact on Semen Quality
8.1. Treatment of Impaired Glucose Metabolism and Its Impact on Semen Quality
8.2. Treatment of Hypertension and Its Impact on Semen Quality
8.3. Treatment of Dyslipidemia and Its Impact on Semen Quality
8.4. Treatment of Obesity and Its Impact on Semen Quality
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NCEP-ATPIII [23] | IDF [24] | WHO [25] | ACE [26] | AHA/NHLBI [27] | IDF&AHA/NHLBI [28] |
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3 or more of the following | Central obesity (waist circumference ≥ 94 cm) and 2 or more of the following | Fasting insulin in top 25%; fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL (6.1 mmol/L); 2 h glucose ≥ 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) and 2 or more of the following | High risk of insulin resistance: 2h plasma glucose ≥ 140 (7.8 mmol/L) and < 200 mg/dL (11 mmol/L) and 2 or more of the following | 3 or more of the following | 3 or more of the following |
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Author | Cohort Studied (# Men, Country, Mean Age) | MetS Definition Used | MetS Prevalence |
---|---|---|---|
Infertile Men | |||
Ozturk et al., (2012) [55] | 104 infertile men (Turkey) (28.2 years) | Arbitrary § | 46.0% |
Lotti et al., (2013) [47] | 351 males of infertile couples (Italy) (36.0 ± 8.0 years) | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | 7.7% |
Lotti et al., (2014) [56] | 171 males of infertile couples (Italy) (36.6 ± 8.4 years) | NCEP-ATPIII | 12.9% |
Ventimiglia et al., 2016 [57] | 1337 men with primary infertility (Italy) (36.5 years) | NCEP-ATPIII | 9.6% |
Ventimiglia et al., 2017 [58] | 167 men with secondary infertility (Italy) (22−68 years) | NCEP-ATPIII | 12.0% |
Ehala-Aleksejev and Punab (2018) [59] | 2642 males of infertile couples (Estonia) (32.6 ± 5.7 years) | NCEP-ATPIII | 17.8% |
Ferlin et al. (2019) [22] | 5177 males of infertile couples (Italy) (31.7 ± 7.9 years) | NCEP-ATPIII | 7.4% |
Dupont et al. (2019) [60] | 96 fertile men (France) (33.3 years) | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | 17.8% |
Elfassy et al. (2020) [61] | 154 males of infertile couples (France) (37.1 ± 0.4 years) | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | 29.0% |
Le et al. (2020) [62] | 290 males of infertile couples (Vietnam) (35.3 ± 5.9 years) | AHA/NHLBI | 22.0% |
Fertile men | |||
Ehala-Aleksejev and Punab (2018) [59] | 238 fertile men (Estonia) (32.0 ± 6.1 years) | NCEP-ATPIII | 12.2% |
Dupont et al. (2019) [60] | 100 fertile men (France) (34.4 years) | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | 6.1% |
Lotti et al. (2020) [63] | 248 fertile men (Italy) (35.3 ± 5.9 years) | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | 12.9% |
NCEP-ATPIII | 6.9% | ||
Comparison of MetS prevalence of fertile and infertile men | |||
Ehala-Aleksejev and Punab (2018) [59] | 2642 males of infertile couples vs. 238 fertile men | NCEP-ATPIII | 17.% vs. 12.2% (p = 0.028) |
Dupont et al. (2019) [60] | 96 infertile vs. 100 fertile men | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | 17.9% vs. 6.1% (p = 0.012) |
Author | Cohort Studied | MetS Definition | # Subjects | Type of Analysis | Semen Volume | Sperm Concentration | Sperm Total Count | Sperm Motility | Sperm Normal Morphology | Sperm Vitality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ozturk et al., 2012 [55] ^ | Men with infertility and varicocele (Turkey) | Arbitrary § | MetS, 48 No-MetS, 56 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | NE | NE | Lower in MetS men | Lower in MetS men | No difference | NE |
Lotti et al., 2013 * [47] | Males of infertile couples (Italy) | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | MetS, 27 No-MetS, 324 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | No difference | No difference | No difference | No difference (p) | Lower in MetS men | NE |
Correlation between # of MetS components and seminal parameters | No correlation | No correlation | No correlation | No correlation | Negative correlation | NE | ||||
Lotti et al., 2014 [56] | Males of infertile couples (Italy) | NCEP-ATPIII | MetS, 22 No-MetS, 149 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | No difference | No difference | No difference | No difference (p) | Lower in MetS men | NE |
Correlation between # of MetS components and seminal parameters | No correlation | No correlation | No correlation | No correlation | Negative correlation | NE | ||||
Leisegang et al., 2014 * [64] | Men from the general population (South Africa) | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | MetS, 26 No-MetS, 28 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | No difference | Lower in MetS men | Lower in MetS men | Total (but not progressive) motility lower in MetS men | NE | Lower in MetS men |
Leisegang et al., 2016 * [65] | Men from the general population (South Africa) | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | MetS, 42 No-MetS, 32 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | Lower in MetS men | Lower in MetS men | Lower in MetS men | Total and progressive motility lower in MetS men | NE | NE |
Ventimiglia et al., 2016 * [57] | Men with primary infertility (Italy) | NCEP-ATPIII | MetS, 128 No-MetS, 1209 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | No difference | No difference | No difference | No difference (p) | No difference | NE |
Elsamanoudy et al., 2016 * [66] | 37 infertile men with MetS and 45 fertile men w/o MetS (Egypt) | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | MetS, 37 No-MetS, 45 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | No difference | NE | No difference | Lower in MetS men (p) | Lower in MetS men | Lower in MetS men |
38 fertile men with MetS and 45 fertile men w/o MetS (Egypt) | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | MetS, 38 No-MetS, 45 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | No difference | NE | No difference | No difference (p) | No difference | Lower in MetS men | |
Pilatz et al., 2017 * [67] | 27 MetS men and 27 healthy men (Germany) | IDF | MetS, 27 No-MetS, 27 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | No difference | No difference | No difference | No difference (p) | No difference | NE |
Ventimiglia et al., 2017 * [58] | Men with secondary infertility (Italy) | NCEP-ATPIII | MetS, 20 No-MetS, 147 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | Lower in MetS men | Lower in MetS men | No difference | No difference (p) | Lower in MetS men | NE |
Ehala-Aleksejev and Punab, 2018 * [59] | Males of infertile couples (Estonia) | NCEP-ATPIII | MetS, 471 No-MetS, 2171 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | No difference | No difference | No difference | No difference | No difference | NE |
Fertile men (Estonia) | NCEP-ATPIII | MetS, 29 No-MetS, 209 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | No difference | No difference | No difference | No difference | No difference | NE | |
Chen et al., 2019 * [68] | Men from the general population (China) | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | MetS, 885 No-MetS, 7510 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | No difference | No difference | No difference | Total (but not progressive) motility lower in MetS men | Lower in MetS men | NE |
Correlation between # of MetS components and seminal parameters | No correlation | No correlation | No correlation | Inverse relationship with men with ≥ 4 MetS components | Inverse relationship with men with 3 MetS components | NE | ||||
Saikia et al., 2019 * [69] | 50 Young adult males with MetS and 30 age-matched healthy males (India) | IDF | MetS, 50 No-MetS, 30 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | Lower in MetS men | NE | Lower in MetS men | Total and progressive motility lower in MetS men | No difference | NE |
Elfassy et al., 2020 [61] | Males of infertile couples (France) | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | MetS, 45 No-MetS, 109 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | No difference | No difference | No difference | No difference (p) | No difference | No difference |
Le et al., 2020 [62] | Males of infertile couples (Vietnam) | AHA/NHLBI | MetS, 65 No-MetS, 225 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | NE | No difference | NE | No difference (p) | No difference | No difference |
Zhao and Pang, 2020 [70] | Meta-analysis | Various | MetS, 1731 No-MetS, 11740 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | Lower in MetS men | Lower in MetS men | Lower in MetS men | Lower in MetS men | Lower in MetS men | Lower in MetS men |
Lotti et al., 2020 [63] | 248 fertile men (Italy) | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | MetS, 32 No-MetS, 216 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | No difference | No difference | No difference | No difference (p) | No difference | No difference |
NCEP-ATPIII | MetS, 17 No-MetS, 231 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | No difference | No difference | No difference | No difference (p) | No difference | No difference |
Author | Cohort Studied | MetS Definition | # Subjects | Type of Analysis | Sperm DNA Fragmentation | MMP | Testosterone Levels | LH Levels | FSH Levels | Inhibin B Levels |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lotti et al., 2013 * [47] | Males of infertile couples | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | MetS, 27 No-MetS, 324 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | NE | NE | Lower in MetS men | No difference | No difference | NE |
Correlation between # of MetS components and seminal or hormonal parameters | NE | NE | Negative correlation | No correlation | No correlation | NE | ||||
Lotti et al., 2014 [56] | Males of infertile couples | NCEP-ATPIII | MetS, 22 No-MetS, 149 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | NE | NE | No difference | No difference | No difference | NE |
Correlation between # of MetS components and seminal or hormonal parameters | NE | NE | NE | No correlation | No correlation | NE | ||||
Leisegang et al., 2014 * [64] | Men from the general population | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | MetS, 26 No-MetS, 28 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | Higher in MetS men | Lower in MetS men | Lower in MetS men (saliva) | NE | NE | NE |
Leisegang et al., 2016 * [65] | Men from the general population | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | MetS, 42 No-MetS, 32 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | Higher in MetS men | Lower in MetS men | NE | NE | NE | NE |
Ventimiglia et al., 2016 * [57] | Men with primary infertility | NCEP-ATPIII | MetS, 128 No-MetS, 1209 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | NE | NE | Lower in MetS men | No difference | No difference | Lower in MetS men |
Ventimiglia et al., 2017 * [58] | Men with secondary infertility | NCEP-ATPIII | MetS, 20 No-MetS, 147 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | NE | NE | Lower in MetS men | No difference | No difference | Lower in MetS men |
Pilatz et al., 2017 * [67] | 27 MetS men and 27 healthy men | IDF | MetS, 27 No-MetS, 27 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | NE | NE | Lower in MetS men | No difference | No difference | NE |
Ehala-Aleksejev and Punab, 2018 * [59] | Males of infertile couples | NCEP-ATPIII | MetS, 471 No-MetS, 2171 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | NE | NE | Lower in MetS men | Lower in MetS men | No difference | NE |
Fertile men | NCEP-ATPIII | MetS, 29 No-MetS, 209 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | NE | NE | Lower in MetS men | No difference | No difference | NE | |
Saikia et al., 2019 * [69] | 50 young adult males with MetS and 30 age-matched healthy males | IDF | MetS, 50 No-MetS, 30 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | NE | NE | Lower in MetS men | NE | Lower in MetS men | Lower in MetS men |
Elfassy et al., 2020 [61] | Males of infertile couples | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | MetS, 45 No-MetS, 109 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | No difference | NE | Lower in MetS men | No difference | No difference | Lower in MetS men |
Zhao and Pang, 2020 [70] | Meta-analysis | Various | MetS, 1731 No-MetS, 11740 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | Higher in MetS men | Lower in MetS men | Lower in MetS men | No difference | Lower in MetS men | Lower in MetS men |
Lotti et al., 2020 [63] | 248 fertile men | IDF & AHA/NHLBI | MetS, 32 No-MetS, 216 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | NE | NE | No difference | No difference | No difference | NE |
NCEP-ATPIII | MetS, 17 No-MetS, 231 | Comparison of MetS vs. no-MetS men | NE | NE | No difference | No difference | No difference | NE |
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Lotti, F.; Marchiani, S.; Corona, G.; Maggi, M. Metabolic Syndrome and Reproduction. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041988
Lotti F, Marchiani S, Corona G, Maggi M. Metabolic Syndrome and Reproduction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(4):1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041988
Chicago/Turabian StyleLotti, Francesco, Sara Marchiani, Giovanni Corona, and Mario Maggi. 2021. "Metabolic Syndrome and Reproduction" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4: 1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041988