How Is the Fidelity of Proteins Ensured in Terms of Both Quality and Quantity at the Endoplasmic Reticulum? Mechanistic Insights into E3 Ubiquitin Ligases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Ubiquitination
2.1. A Conceptual Overview of Ubiquitination
2.2. Understanding the Catalytic Mechanisms of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases
2.3. E4 Ubiuqitin Ligases and Ubiquitin Chain Elongation
2.4. Ubiquitin Code and Its Biological Significance
3. “Protein Quality Control” and “Protein Quantity Control” at the ER: ERAD
3.1. Substrate Recognition
3.2. Retrotranslocation
3.3. Ubiquitination and E3 Ubiquitin Ligases
3.3.1. HRD1
3.3.2. RNF45/gp78/AMFR
3.3.3. MARCHF6/TEB4/RNF176
3.3.4. RNF5/RMA1
3.4. Delivery and Degradation
4. “Protein Quality Control” at the ER: ER-Phagy
4.1. Macro-ER-Phagy
4.1.1. A Conceptual Overview of Macro-ER-Phagy
4.1.2. Macro-ER-Phagy and Protein Quality Control
4.2. Micro-ER-Phagy
4.3. Vesicular Delivery
5. Brief Linking of “Protein Quality Control” at the ER to Neurodegenerations
6. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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E3 Ubiquitin Ligases (Mammalian) | Substrates | Notes |
---|---|---|
HRD1 | pre-BCR, BLIMP1, Fas, IRE1, NRF2, p53, PGC1β, AVP, TGF-β receptor I, TCR-α, MHC I | Homolog of yeast Hrd1 |
MARCHF6 | SQLE, HMGCR, PLIN2, BSEP | Homolog of yeast Doa10 |
gp78 | CFTR, HMGCR, SOD1, ataxin-3, huntingtin, prion | Homolog of yeast Hrd1 |
RNF5 | CFTR, JAMP | Integral ER membrane-resident |
CHIP | CFTR, Pael-receptor | Cytoplasmic |
PARKIN | Pael-receptor, GCase | Cytoplasmic |
Smurf1 | WFS1 | Cytoplasmic/nuclear |
Nrdp1 | ErbB3 | Cytoplasmic |
SCFFbx2 | TCR-α, CFTR | Cytoplasmic/ER membrane-associated |
SCFFbx6 | TCR-α | Cytoplasmic/ER membrane-associated |
SCFβ-TrCP | CD4, Tetherin | Cytoplasmic |
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Kang, J.A.; Jeon, Y.J. How Is the Fidelity of Proteins Ensured in Terms of Both Quality and Quantity at the Endoplasmic Reticulum? Mechanistic Insights into E3 Ubiquitin Ligases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042078
Kang JA, Jeon YJ. How Is the Fidelity of Proteins Ensured in Terms of Both Quality and Quantity at the Endoplasmic Reticulum? Mechanistic Insights into E3 Ubiquitin Ligases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(4):2078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042078
Chicago/Turabian StyleKang, Ji An, and Young Joo Jeon. 2021. "How Is the Fidelity of Proteins Ensured in Terms of Both Quality and Quantity at the Endoplasmic Reticulum? Mechanistic Insights into E3 Ubiquitin Ligases" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4: 2078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042078