The Benefits of Smart Nanoparticles in Dental Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Preventive materials, including pit and fissure sealants, sealing agents, liner bases, and cements;
- Restorative materials, including primers, bonding agents, liners, amalgams, composite resin, compomers, hybrid ionomers, ceramics, and metal-ceramics;
- Auxiliary dental materials, including acid-etching solutions, impression materials, casting investment, gypsum, dental waxes, and finishing and polishing abrasives [11].
2. History of Dental Materials
- The introduction of porcelain (De Chennant, 1789);
- The discovery of the first dental amalgam in France (Taveau, 1816);
- The first ceramic tooth (Fonzi, 1808);
- The first imprint of a root canal (Maggiolo, 1809);
- The use of rubber and then celluloid for dentures;
- The first dental “tour” of the foot (Morrison, 1871) and the electric one (Green, 1874);
- The first substitution crown (Logan, 1884);
- Black—“the father of modern amalgams”—sets the proportions of alloys (1895);
- The polymerization of methyl methacrylate—starting point in the preparation of the first acrylic resin for dental use;
- The burning of ceramics on platinum foil (1936) and in vacuum (1940-1945);
- The appearance of polyelectrolyte cements as impression materials;
- The appearance of composite diacrylic resins;
- The extension of photopolymerization as a polymerization process for various dental materials;
- The removal of mercury from metal fillings and identification of new solutions;
- The introduction of titanium in dentistry;
- The development of smart dental materials as glass ionomer cements, resin-modified ionomer cements, compomers, ormocers, and cermets;
- The improvement of implantology [16].
- -
- The drug is released gradually, ensuring a constant concentration in the body at the value corresponding to the therapeutic field;
- -
- The approach helps their metabolism and excretion;
- -
- The side effects of drugs, caused by either overdoses or by their aggression, sometimes to both diseased and healthy cells, are reduced [20].
3. Smart Nanoparticles in Dentistry
- They can present antimicrobial, antiviral, and antifungal properties and as a consequence, can prevent biofilm formation when nanoparticles loaded with an antimicrobial agent are incorporated in resin composites [25];
- They enhance the mechanical properties of dental material, especially in restorative dentistry;
- They improve the bond strength between dentin and biomaterial;
- They prevent crack propagation and white spot lesions;
- They improve the fracture toughness of porcelain restorations [26].
- Enamel: The very hard, thin, and translucent layer that covers the surface of the dental crown;
- Dentin: A calcified tissue of the tooth situated inside the enamel and cementum;
- Cementum: Specialized calcified substance that is a part of the periodontium and covers the root of a tooth;
- Dental pulp: Unmineralized oral tissue situated in the center of the tooth that is composed of soft connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nervous elements.
3.1. Smart Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems
- Bad breath (halitosis) is caused by gum diseases, dental caries, oral cancer, dry mouth, and bacteria on the tongue;
- Dental caries appear when acids, bacteria, and food form a plaque that covers the teeth [27];
- Gum diseases (gingivitis and periodontitis) represent an inflammation of the gums, as well as an infection of the tissues caused by the formation of a sticky, colorless plaque on teeth [28];
- Oral cancers, which include any malignant lesions on the gums, tongue, lips, cheek, floor of the mouth, and hard and soft palate [29];
- Mouth sores, which are inflammatory disorders characterized by small lesions that develop on the soft tissues in the mouth or at the base of the gums. The following disorders belong to this category: Canker sores (aphtous ulcers); fever blisters or cold sores caused by the Herpes simplex; oral thrush or candidiasis; angular cheilosis; fibrous inflammatory hyperplasia; and inflammatory papillary hyperplasia [30];
- Tooth erosion;
- Tooth sensitivity;
- Toothaches and dental emergencies.
3.1.1. Periodontal Diseases
- Depending on the type of treatment application, including personal (treatment of patients at home) and professional (at the dental office), (a) supra- and subgingival irrigation and (b) controlled release systems;
- According to the biodegradability of the system, biodegradable and non-biodegradable;
- Depending on the device type, devices with a sustained release of drugs that act in less than 24 h and therefore require multiple applications, and devices with a controlled release of drugs that follow the zero order kinetics and act for a longer period of time.
- Admirable ROS removal;
- Anti-inflammatory activity;
- Biodegradable behavior;
- A high biocompatibility and low systemic toxicity.
- Chitosan crosslinked nanoparticles obtained by the emulsion-dispersion technique loaded with sodium fluoride and cetylpyridinium chloride mixed with toothpaste lixivium in order to obtain a product that releases the active substance in a sustained manner [49];
- Chitosan crosslinked nanoparticles prepared by ionic gelation loaded with sodium fluoride used as dental delivery systems in protection against tooth decay [50];
- Chitosan-oligonucleotide complexes that are suitable for local therapeutic applications [51];
- Rose bengal-functionalized chitosan nanoparticles that can present several advantages, including an affinity to bacterial cells and their elimination, increased interaction and uptake caused by the smart nanoparticles, and singlet oxygen release after photoactivation of the photosensitizer (xanthenes with a negative charge) [52].
3.1.2. Dental Caries
- The anatomical site: Occlusal; proximal and cervical; linear enamel; and root caries;
- The type of lesion: Primary and secondary caries;
- The severity of disease: Acute; chronic; and arrested caries;
- The extent of caries: Incipient caries; occult caries; and cavitation;
- The tissue involved: Initial; superficial; moderate; deep; and deep complicate caries;
- The pathway of caries spread: Forward and backward caries;
- The number of tooth surfaces involved: Simple; compound; and complex caries;
- The chronology: Early childhood; adolescent; and adult caries.
3.1.3. Oral Cancer
- On the surface, edges, or back of the tongue;
- Inside the cheeks or on the “sky of the mouth”;
- Under the tongue or on the upper or lower lip;
- On the gums or inside the jaws.
3.2. Smart Materials in Restorative Dentistry
3.2.1. Nanocomposite Resin
3.2.2. Glass-Ionomer Cements
- Zinc polycarboxylate (ZPC) cements described by Smith, with zinc oxide being the cation source;
- The ionomer cements (GIC) described by Wilson and Kent, with fluoroaluminosilicate glass being the cation source;
- Alginate-based impression materials [106].
- Stage 1—Dissolution, which consists of mixing water-soluble polyacid with fine fluoroaluminosilicate glass powder [110]. Due to PAA ionization, hydrogen ions are released and attack the surface layer of glass powder, while the glass interior remains intact and will act as a filler in the cement matrix. The attack of the acid on the glass particles has the effect of first releasing the Ca2+ ions and then the Al3+ ones;
- Stage 2—Gelling. The released cations react with the carboxylate groups belonging to the polyacid chains, leading to the formation of ionic crosslinks, which result in the development of a hydrogel-type network around the glass particles. In this phase, water plays a very important role. If, in the first stage, the water is totally incorporated into the structure of the cement, during the gelling reaction, the cement paste must be protected from the addition of water, in order to prevent negative consequences for the formation of the cement [111];
- Stage 3—Cement hardening is a process that can take longer. In general, it is necessary for about 30 min for the reaction between Al ions and the reactive groups situated on the polyelectrolyte chain to take place [112]. The ionic crosslinking process is responsible for the hardening of the ionomer cement. Studies conducted by Wasson and Nicholson [113,114,115] suggest that dissolution of the glass fractions is achieved and the silicate network is responsible for the fragmentation of the cementation. This hypothesis is based on the fact that glass powders and acetic acid form cements after one week and their strength increases after a period of 6 months.
- Hybrid materials—GIC modified by the addition of resin (resin-modified ionomer cement);
- Composites modified by the addition of polyacid (compomers);
- Composites modified by the coupling of an inorganic network to the organic matrix (ormocers);
- GIC with the addition of modified resins by incorporating prepolymerized particles (giomers).
3.2.3. Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cements
- The synthesis of acrylic and methacrylic derivatives of amino acids, such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and α-alanine via the Schotten–Baumann reaction [131], and
- The copolymerization of monomers containing acryloyl and methacryloyl groups with acid acrylic.
4. Commercial Dental Nanomaterials
- Excellent aesthetics;
- High initial polish;
- High fluoride release that is rechargeable;
- Ability to create a caries inhibition zone after acid exposure;
- Higher wear resistance;
- Fast and ease to handle.
5. Nanotoxicity
- They can produce irreversible damage to cells by oxidative stress;
- They can influence basic cellular processes;
- They can cause an inflammatory response.
6. Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vasiliu, S.; Racovita, S.; Gugoasa, I.A.; Lungan, M.-A.; Popa, M.; Desbrieres, J. The Benefits of Smart Nanoparticles in Dental Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2585. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052585
Vasiliu S, Racovita S, Gugoasa IA, Lungan M-A, Popa M, Desbrieres J. The Benefits of Smart Nanoparticles in Dental Applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(5):2585. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052585
Chicago/Turabian StyleVasiliu, Silvia, Stefania Racovita, Ionela Aurica Gugoasa, Maria-Andreea Lungan, Marcel Popa, and Jacques Desbrieres. 2021. "The Benefits of Smart Nanoparticles in Dental Applications" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5: 2585. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052585