Antioxidant and Signaling Role of Plastid-Derived Isoprenoid Quinones and Chromanols
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Sites of ROS Production in Chloroplasts
3. Structure, Occurrence and Biosynthesis of Isoprenoid Quinones and Chromanols
4. Antioxidant Function of Prenyllipids
5. Role of Prenyllipid Antioxidants in Abiotic Stress Response
6. Role of ROS and Prenyllipid Antioxidants in Cellular Signaling
7. Conclusions and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Plant Species | Total Chromanol Content [μg/g FW] | Major Homologue (% of Total Chromanols) |
---|---|---|
Leaves | ||
Arabidopsis thaliana | 10–20 | 90% α-Toc |
Parsley | 48.1 | 98% α-Toc |
Spinach | 30 | 63% α-Toc |
Tobacco | 182.2 | 99% α-Toc |
Ficus elastica | 304.4 | 99% α-Toc |
Viscum album | 57.7 | 97% α-Toc |
Betula verrucosa | 307 | 95% α-Toc |
Populus tremula | 656 | 97% α-Toc |
Pinus sylvestris | 119 | 99% α-Toc |
Seeds | ||
Arabidopsis thaliana | 200–300 | 95% γ-Toc |
Almond | 263 | 97% α-Toc |
Corn | 60 | 75% γ-Toc |
Flax | 236 | 84% γ-Toc |
Rice | 17 | 30% α-T3 |
Wheat | 50 | 56% β-T3 |
Fruits | ||
Apple | 1–4 | 90% α-Toc |
Avocado | 15–31 | 84% α-Toc |
Banana | 1.5 | 87% α-Toc |
Tomatoes | 6.8 | 78% α-Toc |
Cucumber | 1.6 | 50% α-T3 |
Kiwi | 14.5 | 90% α-Toc |
Raspberries | 37 | 40% γ-Toc |
Strawberries | 4.1 | 68% α-Toc |
Other | ||
Carrot roots | 8.7 | 99% α-Toc |
Potato tubers | 0.7 | 90% α-Toc |
Sweet potato tubers | 3.6 | 70% α-Toc |
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Nowicka, B.; Trela-Makowej, A.; Latowski, D.; Strzalka, K.; Szymańska, R. Antioxidant and Signaling Role of Plastid-Derived Isoprenoid Quinones and Chromanols. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062950
Nowicka B, Trela-Makowej A, Latowski D, Strzalka K, Szymańska R. Antioxidant and Signaling Role of Plastid-Derived Isoprenoid Quinones and Chromanols. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(6):2950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062950
Chicago/Turabian StyleNowicka, Beatrycze, Agnieszka Trela-Makowej, Dariusz Latowski, Kazimierz Strzalka, and Renata Szymańska. 2021. "Antioxidant and Signaling Role of Plastid-Derived Isoprenoid Quinones and Chromanols" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6: 2950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062950