Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Moisturizing, and Antimelanogenesis Effects of Quercetin 3-O-β-D-Glucuronide in Human Keratinocytes and Melanoma Cells via Activation of NF-κB and AP-1 Pathways
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Q-3-G against UVB or H2O2-Stimulated HaCaT Cells
2.2. Antimelanogenesis Effect in B16F10 and Moisturizing Effect in HaCaT Cells of Q-3-G
2.3. Moisturizing-Related Signaling Pathways of Q-3-G via Activation of AP-1 and NF-kB
2.4. Effects of Q-3-G on the Transcriptional Activation of AP-1 and NF-kB
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Cell Cultures
4.3. Cell Viability Tests
4.4. mRNA Analysis by Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR and Quantitative Real-Time PCR
4.5. DPPH Assay
4.6. ABTS Assay
4.7. Cellular ROS Assay by Flow Cytometry
4.8. Western Blot Analysis
4.9. Melanin Content and Secretion Analysis
4.10. UVB Irradiation
4.11. H2O2 Treatment
4.12. Luciferase Reporter Gene Assay
4.13. Cell Morphology Shooting
4.14. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
α-MSH | α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
AP-1 | Activator protein-1 |
COX-2 | Cyclooxygenase-2 |
CREB | cAMP response element binding |
ERK | Extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
FLG | Filaggrin |
H2O2 | Hydrogen peroxide |
HA | Hyaluronic acid |
HAS | Hyaluronic acid synthase |
JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
LPS | Polysaccharide |
MAPKs | Mitogen-activated protein kinases |
MITF | Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor |
MTT | 3-(4-5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-243 tetrazolium bromide |
NMF | Natural moisture factor |
PKA | Protein kinase A |
Q-3-G | Quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucuronide |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
TGM-1 | Transglutaminase-1 |
UV | Ultraviolet |
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Name | Direction | Sequence (5′ to 3′) |
---|---|---|
Primer Sequences used in RT-PCR | ||
FLG | Forward | AGGGAAGATCCAAGAGCCCA |
Reverse | ACTCTGGATCCCCTACGCTT | |
TGM | Forward | CCCCCGCAATGAGATCTACA |
Reverse | ATCCTCATGGTCCACGTACACA | |
HAS 1 | Forward | CCACCCAGTACAGCGTCAAC |
Reverse | CATGGTGCTTCTGTCGCTCT | |
GAPDH | Forward | GGTCACCAGGGCTGCTTTTA |
Reverse | GATGGCATGGACTGTGGTCA | |
Primer Sequences used in real-time PCR | ||
COX 2 | Forward | CAGCATTGTAAAGTTGGTGGACTGT |
Reverse | GGGATTTTGGAACGTTGTGAA | |
TNF α | Forward | CTGCTGCACTTTGGAGTGAT |
Reverse | CCTCTTCTCCTTCCTGATCG | |
Nrf2 | Forward | ACATCCTTTGGAGGCAAGAC |
Reverse | TCGGGTCATTGTGAGTCAGT | |
GAPDH | Forward | GCGCCCAATACGACCAAATC |
Reverse | GACAGTCAGCCGCATCTTCT |
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Ha, A.T.; Rahmawati, L.; You, L.; Hossain, M.A.; Kim, J.-H.; Cho, J.Y. Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Moisturizing, and Antimelanogenesis Effects of Quercetin 3-O-β-D-Glucuronide in Human Keratinocytes and Melanoma Cells via Activation of NF-κB and AP-1 Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010433
Ha AT, Rahmawati L, You L, Hossain MA, Kim J-H, Cho JY. Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Moisturizing, and Antimelanogenesis Effects of Quercetin 3-O-β-D-Glucuronide in Human Keratinocytes and Melanoma Cells via Activation of NF-κB and AP-1 Pathways. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(1):433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010433
Chicago/Turabian StyleHa, Anh Thu, Laily Rahmawati, Long You, Mohammad Amjad Hossain, Jong-Hoon Kim, and Jae Youl Cho. 2022. "Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Moisturizing, and Antimelanogenesis Effects of Quercetin 3-O-β-D-Glucuronide in Human Keratinocytes and Melanoma Cells via Activation of NF-κB and AP-1 Pathways" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 1: 433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010433
APA StyleHa, A. T., Rahmawati, L., You, L., Hossain, M. A., Kim, J. -H., & Cho, J. Y. (2022). Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Moisturizing, and Antimelanogenesis Effects of Quercetin 3-O-β-D-Glucuronide in Human Keratinocytes and Melanoma Cells via Activation of NF-κB and AP-1 Pathways. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(1), 433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010433